<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ldt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лучевая диагностика и терапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-5343</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Baltic Medical Education Center</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22328/2079-5343-2019-10-2-24-31</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ldt-410</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕТОДЫ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ В СЕГМЕНТАЦИИ ГЛИОМ ДЛЯ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ СТЕРЕОТАКСИЧЕСКОЙ ЛУЧЕВОЙ ТЕРАПИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MACHINE LEARNING IN GLIOMA SEGMENTATION FOR STEREOTACTIC RADIATION THERAPY PLANNING</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Далечина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dalechina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Далечина Александра Владимировна — кандидат физико-математических наук, медицинский физик</p><p>125047, Москва, 1-й Тверской-Ямской переулок, д. 13/5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">adalechina@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беляев</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyaev</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Беляев Михаил Геннадьевич — кандидат физико-математических наук, старший преподаватель</p><p>121205, МО, ул. Нобеля, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.belyaev@skoltech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрина</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurina</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тюрина Анастасия Николаевна — младший научный сотрудник</p><p>125047,  Москва, 1-й Тверской-Ямской пер., д. 13/5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aturina@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Золотова Светлана Вячеславовна — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения радиотерапии и радиохирургии</p><p>125047, Москва, 1-й Тверской-Ямской пер., д. 13/5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">szolotova@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронин</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronin</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пронин Игорь Николаевич — доктор медицинских наук. профессор, заведующий отделением рентгеновских и радиоизотопных методов диагностики, академик РАН</p><p>125047, Москва, 1-й Тверской-Ямской пер., д. 13/5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pronin@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голанов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golanov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Голанов Андрей Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корр РАН, заведующий отделения радиотерапии и радиохирургии</p><p>125047, Москва, 1-й Тверской-Ямской пер., д. 13/5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">golanov@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">АО «Деловой центр нейрохирургии» (Центр «Гамма-нож»)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">JSC «Neurosurgery business Center» (Moscow Gamma Knife Center)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Сколковский институт науки и технологий<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Skolkovo institute of science and technology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н. Н. Бурденко<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Burdenko neurosurgical institute<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Далечина А.В., Беляев М.Г., Тюрина А.Н., Золотова С.В., Пронин И.Н., Голанов А.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Далечина А.В., Беляев М.Г., Тюрина А.Н., Золотова С.В., Пронин И.Н., Голанов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dalechina A.V., Belyaev M.G., Tyurina A.N., Zolotova S.V., Pronin I.N., Golanov A.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://radiag.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/410">https://radiag.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/410</self-uri><abstract><p>Глиома является одной из наиболее распространенных первичных опухолей головного мозга среди взрослого населения. Наиболее агрессивная форма глиомы — глиобластома — характеризуется крайне неблагоприятным прогнозом. Медиана общей выживаемости пациентов с глиобластомами составляет около 15 месяцев. Лечение глиом требует комплексного подхода, сочетающего применение хирургии, химиотерапии и лучевой терапии. Определение границ опухоли — важнейший этап планирования лучевого лечения. Стремительно развивающиеся методы диагностики позволили существенно шагнуть вперед в решении этой проблемы. Однако выбор оптимального объема облучения по-прежнему остается спорным вопросом в силу сложной биологической природы и высокой инвазивности опухоли, а также субъективности восприятия данных нейровизуализации специалистом. Применение методов машинного обучения для анализа медицинских изображений на сегодняшний день представляет собой многообещающий инструмент для решения проблемы сегментации глиом на основании данных различных МРТ-последовательностей. Работа посвящена обзору наиболее современных методов, используемых для автоматической сегментации глиом различной степени злокачественности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Glioma is one of the most common primary tumors among adults. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma with very poor prognosis. The median patient survival is about 15 months. Treatment of glioma requires a complex approach combining surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Definition of the tumor border is the important step of radiation therapy treatment planning. The rapid development of the diagnostic methods made it possible to address this challenging task. However, the optimal treatment volume is still a matter of debate due to the complex biological behavior and high invasiveness of the tumor. Furthermore, the subjective interpretation of the visual information by the expert existed. So far, the application of machine learning in image analysis is a promising tool for glioma segmentation in multimodal MRI imaging. This review aims to summarize recent works using machine learning in high — and low — grade glioma segmentation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глиома</kwd><kwd>глиобластома</kwd><kwd>сегментация</kwd><kwd>радиотерапия</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>сверточная нейронная сеть</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glioma</kwd><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>segmentation</kwd><kwd>radiation therapy</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>convolutional neural network</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (Грант РФФИ № 18-29-01054)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupont C., Betrouni N., Reyns N. et al. On image segmentation methods applied to glioblastoma: state of art and new trends // IRBM, Elsevier Masson. 2016. Vol. 37 (3). P. 131–143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupont C., Betrouni N., Reyns N. et al. On image segmentation methods applied to glioblastoma: state of art and new trends // IRBM, Elsevier Masson. 2016. Vol. 37 (3). P. 131–143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao F., Li M., Kong L. et al. Delineation of radiation therapy target volumes for patients with postoperative glioblastoma: A review // Onco Targets Ther. 2016. Vol. 9. P. 3197–3204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao F., Li M., Kong L. et al. Delineation of radiation therapy target volumes for patients with postoperative glioblastoma: A review // Onco Targets Ther. 2016. Vol. 9. P. 3197–3204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colman H., Berkey B.A., Maor M.H. et al. Phase II Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial of conventional radiation therapy followed by treatment with recombinant interferon-beta for supratentorial glioblastoma: results of RTOG 9710 // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2006. Vol. 66 (3). P. 818–824.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colman H., Berkey B.A., Maor M.H. et al. Phase II Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial of conventional radiation therapy followed by treatment with recombinant interferon-beta for supratentorial glioblastoma: results of RTOG 9710 // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2006. Vol. 66 (3). P. 818–824.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang E.L., Akyurek S., Avalos T. et al. Evaluation of peritumoral edema in the delineation of radiotherapy clinical target volumes for glioblastoma // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2007. Vol. 68 (1). P. 144–150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang E.L., Akyurek S., Avalos T. et al. Evaluation of peritumoral edema in the delineation of radiotherapy clinical target volumes for glioblastoma // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2007. Vol. 68 (1). P. 144–150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akkus Z., Galimzianova A., Hoogi A. et al. Deep Learning for Brain MRI Segmentation: State of the Art and Future Directions // J. Digit. Imaging. 2017. Vol. 30. P. 449–459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akkus Z., Galimzianova A., Hoogi A. et al. Deep Learning for Brain MRI Segmentation: State of the Art and Future Directions // J. Digit. Imaging. 2017. Vol. 30. P. 449–459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lotan E., Jain R., Razavian N. et al. State of the Art: Machine Learning Applications in Glioma Imaging // AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2019. Vol. 212. P. 26–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lotan E., Jain R., Razavian N. et al. State of the Art: Machine Learning Applications in Glioma Imaging // AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2019. Vol. 212. P. 26–37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauer S., Wiest R., Nolte L. et al. A survey of MRI-based medical image analysis for brain tumor studies // Phys. Med. Biol. 2013. P. 58. R97–R129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer S., Wiest R., Nolte L. et al. A survey of MRI-based medical image analysis for brain tumor studies // Phys. Med. Biol. 2013. P. 58. R97–R129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodfellow I., Bengio Y., Courville A. Deep Learning. MIT Press, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodfellow I., Bengio Y., Courville A. Deep Learning. MIT Press, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LeCun Y., Bengio Y., Hinton G. Deep learning // Nature. 2015. Vol. 521 (7553). P. 436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LeCun Y., Bengio Y., Hinton G. Deep learning // Nature. 2015. Vol. 521 (7553). P. 436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakas S. et al. Identifying the best machine learning algorithms for brain tumor segmentation, progression assessment, and overall survival prediction in the BRATS challenge. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.02629. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakas S. et al. Identifying the best machine learning algorithms for brain tumor segmentation, progression assessment, and overall survival prediction in the BRATS challenge. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.02629. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereira S., Pinto A., Alves V., Silva C.A. Brain tumor segmentation using convolutional neural networks in MRI images // IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2016. Vol. 35. P. 1240–1251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereira S., Pinto A., Alves V., Silva C.A. Brain tumor segmentation using convolutional neural networks in MRI images // IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2016. Vol. 35. P. 1240–1251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamnitsas K., Ledig C., Newcombe V.F.J. et al. Efficient multi-scale 3D CNN with fully connected CRF for accurate brain lesion segmentation // Med. Image Anal. P. 2017. Vol. 36. P. 61–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamnitsas K., Ledig C., Newcombe V.F.J. et al. Efficient multi-scale 3D CNN with fully connected CRF for accurate brain lesion segmentation // Med. Image Anal. P. 2017. Vol. 36. P. 61–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang W., Li R., Deng H. et al. Deep convolutional neural networks for multi-modality isointense infant brain image segmentation // Neuroimage. 2015. Vol. 108. P. 214–224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang W., Li R., Deng H. et al. Deep convolutional neural networks for multi-modality isointense infant brain image segmentation // Neuroimage. 2015. Vol. 108. P. 214–224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dvorak P., Menze B. Structured prediction with convolutional neural networks for multimodal brain tumor segmentation // Proceedings of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (MICCAI-BRATS). Munich: Springer, 2015. P. 13–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvorak P., Menze B. Structured prediction with convolutional neural networks for multimodal brain tumor segmentation // Proceedings of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (MICCAI-BRATS). Munich: Springer, 2015. P. 13–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao L., Jia K. Deep feature learning with discrimination mechanism for brain tumor segmentation and diagnosis // IEEE Xplore Digital Library website. ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7415818/. Published 2015. Accessed August 15, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao L., Jia K. Deep feature learning with discrimination mechanism for brain tumor segmentation and diagnosis // IEEE Xplore Digital Library website. ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7415818/. Published 2015. Accessed August 15, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Havaei M., Davy A., Warde-Farley D. et al. Brain tumor segmentation with deep neural networks // Med. Image Anal. 2017. Vol. 35. P. 18–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Havaei M., Davy A., Warde-Farley D. et al. Brain tumor segmentation with deep neural networks // Med. Image Anal. 2017. Vol. 35. P. 18–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urban G., Bendszus M., Hamprecht F.A. et al. Multi-modal brain tumor segmentation using deep convolutional neural networks // Proceedings of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (MICCAI-BRATS). Boston, MA, 2014. P. 31–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urban G., Bendszus M., Hamprecht F.A. et al. Multi-modal brain tumor segmentation using deep convolutional neural networks // Proceedings of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (MICCAI-BRATS). Boston, MA, 2014. P. 31–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long J., Shelhamer E., Darrell T. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation // IEEE Xplore Digital Library website. Ieeexplore.ieee. org/document/7298965/. Published 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long J., Shelhamer E., Darrell T. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation // IEEE Xplore Digital Library website. Ieeexplore.ieee. org/document/7298965/. Published 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang P. Fully convolutional deep residual neural networks for brain tumor segmentation. // Proceedings of Brainlesion: glioma, multiple sclerosis, stroke and traumatic brain injuries. Athens, Greece: Springer, 2016. P. 108–118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang P. Fully convolutional deep residual neural networks for brain tumor segmentation. // Proceedings of Brainlesion: glioma, multiple sclerosis, stroke and traumatic brain injuries. Athens, Greece: Springer, 2016. P. 108–118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation // MICCAI: International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. Munich, Germany: Springer, 2015. P. 234–241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation // MICCAI: International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. Munich, Germany: Springer, 2015. P. 234–241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamnitsas K., Bai W., Ferrante S. et al. Ensembles of multiple models and architectures for robust brain tumour segmentation // Proceedings of Brainlesion: glioma, multiple sclerosis, stroke and traumatic brain injuries. Quebec City, Canada: Springer, 2017. P. 450–462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamnitsas K., Bai W., Ferrante S. et al. Ensembles of multiple models and architectures for robust brain tumour segmentation // Proceedings of Brainlesion: glioma, multiple sclerosis, stroke and traumatic brain injuries. Quebec City, Canada: Springer, 2017. P. 450–462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myronenko A. 3D MRI brain tumor segmentation using autoencoder regularization // arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.11654. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myronenko A. 3D MRI brain tumor segmentation using autoencoder regularization // arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.11654. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghafoorian M., Mehrtash A., Kapur T. et al. Transfer learning for domain adaptation in MRI: application in brain lesion segmentation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.07841. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghafoorian M., Mehrtash A., Kapur T. et al. Transfer learning for domain adaptation in MRI: application in brain lesion segmentation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.07841. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valindria V. V., Lavdas I., Bai W. et al. Domain adaptation for MRI organ segmentation using reverse classification accuracy // arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.00363. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valindria V. V., Lavdas I., Bai W. et al. Domain adaptation for MRI organ segmentation using reverse classification accuracy // arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.00363. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mabray M.C., Barajas R.F., Cha S. Modern brain tumor imaging Brain Tumor // Res. Treat. 2015. Vol. 3. P. 8–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mabray M.C., Barajas R.F., Cha S. Modern brain tumor imaging Brain Tumor // Res. Treat. 2015. Vol. 3. P. 8–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agn M., Munck P., Puonti O. et al. A modality-adaptive method for segmenting brain tumors and organs-at-risk in radiation therapy planning // Medical Image Analysis. 2019. Vol. 54. P. 220–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agn M., Munck P., Puonti O. et al. A modality-adaptive method for segmenting brain tumors and organs-at-risk in radiation therapy planning // Medical Image Analysis. 2019. Vol. 54. P. 220–237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lustberg T., van Soest J., Gooding M. et al. Clinical evaluation of atlas and deep learning based automatic contouring for lung cancer // Radiother. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Ther. Radiol. Oncol. 2017. Vol. 126. P. 312–317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lustberg T., van Soest J., Gooding M. et al. Clinical evaluation of atlas and deep learning based automatic contouring for lung cancer // Radiother. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Ther. Radiol. Oncol. 2017. Vol. 126. P. 312–317.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolov S. et al. Deep learning to achieve clinically applicable segmentation of head and neck anatomy for radiotherapy // arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.04430. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolov S. et al. Deep learning to achieve clinically applicable segmentation of head and neck anatomy for radiotherapy // arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.04430. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masch W.R. et al. Comparison of Diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in differentiating recurrent brain neoplasm from radiation necrosis // Acad Radiol. 2016. Vol. 23 (5). P. 569–576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masch W.R. et al. Comparison of Diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in differentiating recurrent brain neoplasm from radiation necrosis // Acad Radiol. 2016. Vol. 23 (5). P. 569–576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюрина А.Н., Фадеева Л.М., Пронин И.Н. 3D-протонная МРспектроскопия в диагностике глиальных опухолей головного мозга // Научные материалы III Съезда национального общества нейрорентгенолов, СПб., 2016. C. 116–117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyurina A.N., Fadeeva L.M., Pronin I.N. 3D-proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of glial brain tumors. Scientific materials of the III Congress of the National Society of Neuro X-ray Genol, St. Petersburg, 2016, рр. 116–117 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
