<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ldt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лучевая диагностика и терапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-5343</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Baltic Medical Education Center</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22328/2079-5343-2023-14-4-52-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ldt-939</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лучевая диагностика позвоночно-спинномозговой травмы у детей раннего возраста: проспективное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Radiology diagnostics of spinal corel injury in early children: a prospective study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3235-8854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахадов</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhadov</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ахадов Толибджон Абдуллаевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель отдела лучевых методов диагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tolibdzhon A. Akhadov — Dr. of Sci. (Med.), professor, head of radiology department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akhadov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6124-5410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зайцева Екатерина Сергеевна — врач-рентгенолог отдела лучевых методов диагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Zaitseva — radiologist, radiology department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katarina0594@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-9461</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Божко Ольга Васильевна — кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела лучевых методов диагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Bozhko — Cand. of Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, radiologist, radiology department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bozhko_olga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-9874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ублинский</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ublinskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ублинский Максим Вадимович — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела лучевых методов диагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim V. Ublinskiy — Cand. of Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, radiology department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maxublinsk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-2913</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новоселова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novoselova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новоселова Ирина Наумовна — доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела реабилитации</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina N. Novoselova —Dr. of Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, rehabilitation department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.n.novoselova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-3711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельников Илья Андреевич — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела лучевых методов диагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya A. Melnikov — Cand. of Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, radiology department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iliamed@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-0853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронкова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronkova</surname><given-names>Е. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воронкова Елена Валерьевна — научный сотрудник</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Voronkova — researcher</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena_voronkova13@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-4628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мещеряков</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Meshcheryakov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мещеряков Семен Владимирович — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий отделением нейрохирургии</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Semen V. Meshcheryakov — Cand. of Sci. (Med.), head of neurosurgery department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-4509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитренко</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrenko</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитренко Дмитрий Михайлович — заведующий отделением рентгенодиагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry M. Dmitrenko — head of X-ray department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitrenich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0060-7895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Понина Ирина Витальевна — врач-педиатр отдела реабилитации</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Ponina — pediatrician, rehabilitation department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ponina@doctor-roshal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-0547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хусаинова</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusainova</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хусаинова Дарья Николаевна — научный сотрудник отдела IT</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria N. Khusainova — researcher of IT department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dsavina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0009-7426</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крупина Екатерина Алексеевна — научный сотрудник отдела лучевой диагностики</p><p>119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Krupina — researcher, radiology department</p><p>119180, Moscow, Bolshaya Polyanka, 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Krupina2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ахадов T.A., Зайцева Е.С., Божко О.В., Ублинский М.В., Новоселова И.Н., Мельников И.А., Воронкова Е.В., Мещеряков С.В., Дмитренко Д.М., Понина И.В., Хусаинова Д.Н., Крупина Е.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ахадов T.A., Зайцева Е.С., Божко О.В., Ублинский М.В., Новоселова И.Н., Мельников И.А., Воронкова Е.В., Мещеряков С.В., Дмитренко Д.М., Понина И.В., Хусаинова Д.Н., Крупина Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akhadov T.A., Zaitseva E.S., Bozhko O.V., Ublinskiy M.V., Novoselova I.N., Melnikov I.A., Voronkova Е.V., Meshcheryakov S.V., Dmitrenko D.M., Ponina I.V., Khusainova D.N., Krupina E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://radiag.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/939">https://radiag.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/939</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Позвоночно-спинномозговая травма (ПСМТ) у детей раннего возраста отличается относительно более высокой распространенностью повреждения шейного отдела позвоночника, множественными компрессионными переломами грудных позвонков и повреждением спинного мозга. Также у детей раннего возраста встречаются повреждения спинного мозга без рентгенологических изменений/признаков переломов или вывихов (SCIWORA). Рентгенологическая оценка повреждений незрелых позвонков и хряща у маленьких детей затруднена, так как не до конца сформированные тела позвонков можно спутать с переломами. Соответственно требуется выполнение магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ), которая обеспечивает детальное анатомическое изображение всех структур позвоночного столба, а также диагностирует повреждения спинного мозга, связок и мышц.ЦЕЛЬ: Исследовать возможности методов лучевой диагностики позвоночно-спинномозговой травмы у детей раннего возраста (до 3 лет).МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ: Обследовано 20 детей в возрасте от 11 мес до 3 лет с позвоночно-спинномозговой травмой, которым в различных соотношениях выполнены рентгенография, компьютерная томографии (КТ) и МРТ. Стандартный протокол МРТ при ПСМТ у детей до 3 лет включал: MР-миелографию в коронарной и сагиттальной проекциях, сагиттальную проекцию STIR, DTI и T2-ВИ FS SE, аксиальную проекцию T2-ВИ FS SE или Т2-ВИ FS GE; коронарную проекцию T2-ВИ SE; 3D T1-ВИ FS GE до и после контрастного усиления.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Проведен анализ данных пациентов, входящих в категорию политравма. Причинами ПСМТ у этих пациентов явились: ДТП и падение с различной высоты. Рентгенография и КТ были малоинформативны и имели большие расхождения с результатами МРТ. Все анатомо-морфологические изменения, выявленные МРТ, хорошо коррелировали с клиническими проявлениями и соответствовали классификации уровня и степени тяжести травмы спинного мозга (ASIA). Увеличение объема и изменение сигнала спинного мозга из-за отека и/или кровоизлияния в спинной мозг являются основными признаком его повреждения и лучше всего проявляются на T2-ВИ и STIR в виде гиперинтенсивного сигнала.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ: МРТ имеет решающее значение в экстренной оценке повреждения или компрессии спинного мозга для предсказания исхода ПСМТ. В настоящее время нет метода визуализации спинного мозга, способного составить конкуренцию МРТ. Увеличение объема и изменение сигнала спинного мозга из-за отека и/или кровоизлияния является признаком его повреждения и лучше всего проявляется на T2-ВИ и STIR в виде гиперинтенсивного сигнала. Неполное повреждение спинного мозга также проявляется гиперинтенсивным сигналом на T2-ВИ и/или FLAIR, который по интенсивности и распространенности коррелирует со степенью повреждения. Геморрагические повреждения лучше выявляются с помощью Т2*GRE или SWI, а отек спинного мозга — T2-ВИ SE и STIR. Кроме того, STIR позволяет идентифицировать отек костного мозга в поврежденных позвонках, даже когда повреждения не выявлены при КТ.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: При проведении МРТ у пострадавших с ПСМТ следует оценивать три количественных параметра: максимальное повреждение позвоночного канала, максимальную компрессию спинного мозга и длину области поражения. В дополнение к результатам количественных параметров следует оценивать потенциальные прогностические качественные результаты МРТ: интрамедуллярное кровоизлияние, очаговый и диффузный отек спинного мозга, повреждение мягких тканей, вероятный стеноз до травмы и грыжу диска.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injury (SCI) in young children includes a relatively higher prevalence of cervical spine injury, multiple thoracic vertebral compression fractures, and spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injuries without radiological changes/signs of fractures or dislocations (SCIWORA) also occur in young children. X-ray assessment of damage to immature vertebrae and cartilage in young children is difficult, since incompletely formed vertebral bodies can be confused with fractures. Accordingly, an MRI is required, which provides a detailed anatomical image of all structures of the spinal column and also diagnoses damage to the spinal cord, ligaments and muscles.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibilities of methods of radiation diagnosis of spinal cord injury in young children (up to 3 years).MATERIAL AND METHODS: 20 children aged from 11 months up to 3 years old were studied with spinal cord injury. X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. The standard MRI protocol for SCI in children under 3 years of age included: MR myelography in the coronary and sagittal projections, sagittal projection STIR, DTI and T2WI FS SE, axial projection T2WI FS SE or T2*WI FS GE; coronary projection T2WI SE; 3D T1WI FS GE before and after contrast enhancement.RESULTS: An analysis of the data of patients included in the category of polytrauma was carried out. The causes of SCI in these patients were road accidents and falls from various heights. X-ray and CT scans were uninformative, and had large discrepancies with MRI results. All anatomical and morphological changes revealed by MRI correlated well with clinical manifestations and corresponded to the classification of the level and severity of spinal cord injury (ASIA). An increase in the volume and change in the signal of the spinal cord due to edema and / or hemorrhage in the spinal cord is the main sign of damage to the spinal cord, and is best indicated on T2WI and STIR, as a hyperintense signal.DISCUSSION: MRI is critical in the emergency assessment of spinal cord injury or compression to predict the outcome of SCI. There is currently no spinal cord imaging technique that can compete with MRI. Increased volume and signal changes in the spinal cord due to edema and/or hemorrhage are a sign of spinal cord injury and are best demonstrated on T2WI and STIR as a hyperintense signal. Incomplete spinal cord injury is also manifested by a hyperintense signal on T2WI and/or FLAIR, which in intensity and extent correlates with the degree of injury. Hemorrhagic injuries are better detected using T2*GRE or SWI, and spinal cord edema is better detected using T2WI SE and STIR. In addition, STIR can identify bone marrow edema in injured vertebrae, even when the injury is not detected on CT.CONCLUSION: When performing MRI in patients with SCI, three quantitative parameters should be assessed: the maximum damage to the spinal cord, the maximum compression of the spinal cord, and the length of the affected area. In addition to the results of quantitative parameters, potential predictive qualitative MRI findings should be evaluated such as intramedullary hemorrhage, focal and diffuse spinal cord edema, soft tissue injury, probable stenosis before injury, and disc herniation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>травма</kwd><kwd>позвоночник</kwd><kwd>спинной мозг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>trauma</kwd><kwd>spine</kwd><kwd>spinal cord</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selvarajah S., Schneider E.B., Becker D., Sadowsky C., Haider A.H., Hammond E.R. The Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States: 2007–2010 // J. Neurotrauma. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 18. P. 1548–1560. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3332.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selvarajah S., Schneider E.B., Becker D., Sadowsky C., Haider A.H., Hammond E.R. The Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States: 2007–2010 // J. Neurotrauma. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 18. P. 1548–1560. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3332.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denslow E. Spinal Cord Injury in Children: Looking at Statistics and the Recovery Process // Flint Rehab. 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denslow E. Spinal Cord Injury in Children: Looking at Statistics and the Recovery Process // Flint Rehab. 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogel L.C., Hickey K.J., Klaas S.J., Anderson C.J. Unique issues in pediatric spinal cord injury // Orthop. Nurs. 2004. Vol. 23. P. 300–308. doi: 10.1097/00006416-200409000-00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogel L.C., Hickey K.J., Klaas S.J., Anderson C.J. Unique issues in pediatric spinal cord injury // Orthop. Nurs. 2004. Vol. 23. P. 300–308. doi: 10.1097/00006416-200409000-00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galvin J., Scheinberg A., New P.W. A retrospective case series of pediatric spinal cord injury and disease in Victoria, Australia // Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013. Vol. 38. E878–82. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318294e839.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galvin J., Scheinberg A., New P.W. A retrospective case series of pediatric spinal cord injury and disease in Victoria, Australia // Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013. Vol. 38. E878–82. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318294e839.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y., Tang Y., Vogel L.C., DeVivo M.J. Causes of spinal cord injury // Top Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil. 2013. Vol. 19. P. 1–8. doi: 10.1310/sci1901-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y., Tang Y., Vogel L.C., DeVivo M.J. Causes of spinal cord injury // Top Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil. 2013. Vol. 19. P. 1–8. doi: 10.1310/sci1901-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osorio M., Reyes M.R., Massagli T.L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury // Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 158–168. doi: 10.1007/s40141-014-0054-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osorio M., Reyes M.R., Massagli T.L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury // Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 158–168. doi: 10.1007/s40141-014-0054-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahajan P., Jaffe D.M., Olsen C.S., Leonard J.R., Nigrovic L.E., Rogers A.J., Kuppermann N., Leonard J.C. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children imaged with magnetic resonance imaging // J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013. Vol. 75, No. 5. P. 843–847. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182a74abd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahajan P., Jaffe D.M., Olsen C.S., Leonard J.R., Nigrovic L.E., Rogers A.J., Kuppermann N., Leonard J.C. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children imaged with magnetic resonance imaging // J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013. Vol. 75, No. 5. P. 843–847. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182a74abd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hale A.T., Alvarado A., Bey A.K., Pruthi S., Mencio G.A., Bonfield C.M. et al. X-ray vs. CT in identifying significant C-spine injuries in the pediatric population // Childs Nerv. Syst. 2017. Vol. 33. P. 1977–1983. doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3448-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hale A.T., Alvarado A., Bey A.K., Pruthi S., Mencio G.A., Bonfield C.M. et al. X-ray vs. CT in identifying significant C-spine injuries in the pediatric population // Childs Nerv. Syst. 2017. Vol. 33. P. 1977–1983. doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3448-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cirak B., Ziegfeld S., Knight V.M., Chang D., Avellino A.M., Paidas C.N. et al. Spinal injuries in children // J. Pediatr. Surg. 2004. Vol. 39. P. 607–612. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.12.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cirak B., Ziegfeld S., Knight V.M., Chang D., Avellino A.M., Paidas C.N. et al. Spinal injuries in children // J. Pediatr. Surg. 2004. Vol. 39. P. 607–612. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.12.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Booth T.N. Cervical spine evaluation in pediatric trauma // AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2012. Vol. 198. W417–425. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.8150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Booth T.N. Cervical spine evaluation in pediatric trauma // AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2012. Vol. 198. W417–425. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.8150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saksena S., Mohamed F.B., Middleton D.M., Krisa L., Alizadeh M., Shahrampour S. et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Assessment of Regional White Matter Changes in the Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord in Pediatric Subjects // J. Neurotrauma. 2019. Vol. 36, No. 6. P. 853–861. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5826.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saksena S., Mohamed F.B., Middleton D.M., Krisa L., Alizadeh M., Shahrampour S. et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Assessment of Regional White Matter Changes in the Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord in Pediatric Subjects // J. Neurotrauma. 2019. Vol. 36, No. 6. P. 853–861. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5826.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alkadeem R.M.D.E.A.A., El-Shafey M.H.R., Eldein A.E.M.S., Nagy H.A. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging of acute spinal cord injury in spinal trauma // Egypt. J. Radiol. Nucl. Med. 2021. 52. 70. doi: 10.1186/s43055-021-00450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alkadeem R.M.D.E.A.A., El-Shafey M.H.R., Eldein A.E.M.S., Nagy H.A. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging of acute spinal cord injury in spinal trauma // Egypt. J. Radiol. Nucl. Med. 2021. 52. 70. doi: 10.1186/s43055-021-00450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaccaro A.R., Zeiller S.C., Hulbert R.J., Anderson P.A., Harris M., Hedlund R. et al. The Thoracolumbar Injury Severity Score: A Proposed Treatment Algorithm // Clinical Spine Surgery. 2015. Vol. 18. P. 209–215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaccaro A.R., Zeiller S.C., Hulbert R.J., Anderson P.A., Harris M., Hedlund R. et al. The Thoracolumbar Injury Severity Score: A Proposed Treatment Algorithm // Clinical Spine Surgery. 2015. Vol. 18. P. 209–215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henry M.K., Zonfrillo M.R., French B., Song L., Feudtner C., Wood J.N. Hospital Variation in Cervical Spine Imaging of Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury // Acad. Pediatr. 2016. Vol. 16, No. 7. P. 684–691. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henry M.K., Zonfrillo M.R., French B., Song L., Feudtner C., Wood J.N. Hospital Variation in Cervical Spine Imaging of Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury // Acad. Pediatr. 2016. Vol. 16, No. 7. P. 684–691. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powell E.C., Leonard J.R., Olsen C.S., Jaffe D.M., Anders J., Leonard J.C. Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in Children // Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2017. 33, No. 2. P. 86–91. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powell E.C., Leonard J.R., Olsen C.S., Jaffe D.M., Anders J., Leonard J.C. Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in Children // Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2017. 33, No. 2. P. 86–91. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leonard J.R., Jaffe D.M., Kuppermann N., Olsen C.S., Leonard J.C., Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) Cervical Spine Study Group et al. Cervical spine injury patterns in children // Pediatrics. 2014. Vol. 133. P. 1179–1188. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leonard J.R., Jaffe D.M., Kuppermann N., Olsen C.S., Leonard J.C., Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) Cervical Spine Study Group et al. Cervical spine injury patterns in children // Pediatrics. 2014. Vol. 133. P. 1179–1188. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Browne L.R., Schwartz D.H., Ahmad F.A., Wallendorf M., Kuppermann N., Lerner E.B. et al. Interobserver Agreement In Pediatric CSI Assessment // Academic Emergency Medicine. 2017. Vol. 24, No. 12. P. 1501–1510. doi: 10.1111/acem.13312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Browne L.R., Schwartz D.H., Ahmad F.A., Wallendorf M., Kuppermann N., Lerner E.B. et al. Interobserver Agreement In Pediatric CSI Assessment // Academic Emergency Medicine. 2017. Vol. 24, No. 12. P. 1501–1510. doi: 10.1111/acem.13312.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schottler J., Vogel L.C., Sturm P. Spinal cord injuries in young children: a review of children injured at 5 years of age and younger // Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2012. Vol. 54, No. 12. P. 1138–1143. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04411.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schottler J., Vogel L.C., Sturm P. Spinal cord injuries in young children: a review of children injured at 5 years of age and younger // Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2012. Vol. 54, No. 12. P. 1138–1143. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04411.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Залетина А.В., Виссарионов С.В., Баиндурашвили А.Г., Садовой М.А., Соловьева К.С., Купцова О.А. Структура повреждений позвоночника у детей в регионах Российской Федерации // Хирургия позвоночника. 2017. Т. 14, № 4. С. 52–60. doi: 10.14531/ss2017.4.52-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaletina A.V., Vissarionov S.V., Baindurashvili A.G., Sadova M.A., Solovyova K.S., Kuptsova O.A. Structure of spinal injuries in children in the regions of the Russian Federation. Spine Surgery, 2017, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 52–60 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14531/ss2017.4.52-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Amato C. Pediatric spinal trauma: injuries in very young children // Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2005. 432. P. 34–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Amato C. Pediatric spinal trauma: injuries in very young children // Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2005. 432. P. 34–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садофьева В.И. Нормальная рентгеноанатомия костно-суставной системы у детей. Л.: Медицина, 1990. 222 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadofeva V.I. Normal x-ray anatomy of the osteoarticular system in children. Leningrad: Publishing house Medicine, 1990. 222 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adib O., Berthier E., Loisel D., Aubé C. Pediatric cervical spine in emergency: radiographic features of normal anatomy, variants and pitfalls // Skeletal Radiol. 2016. Vol. 45, No. 12. P. 1607–1617. doi: 10.1007/s00256-016-2481-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adib O., Berthier E., Loisel D., Aubé C. Pediatric cervical spine in emergency: radiographic features of normal anatomy, variants and pitfalls // Skeletal Radiol. 2016. Vol. 45, No. 12. P. 1607–1617. doi: 10.1007/s00256-016-2481-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanderson S.P., Houten J.K. Fracture through the C2 synchondrosis in a young child // Pediatr. Neurosurg. 2002. Vol. 36, No. 5. P. 277–278. doi: 10.1159/000058434.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanderson S.P., Houten J.K. Fracture through the C2 synchondrosis in a young child // Pediatr. Neurosurg. 2002. Vol. 36, No. 5. P. 277–278. doi: 10.1159/000058434.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fassett D.R., McCall T., Brockmeyer D.L. Odontoid synchondrosis fractures in children // Neurosurg Focus. 2006. Vol. 20, No. 2. E7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fassett D.R., McCall T., Brockmeyer D.L. Odontoid synchondrosis fractures in children // Neurosurg Focus. 2006. Vol. 20, No. 2. E7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernandez J.A., Chupik C., Swischuk L.E. Cervical spine trauma in children under 5 years: productivity of CT // Emerg. Radiol. 2004. Vol. 10, No. 4. P. 176–178. doi: 10.1007/s10140-003-0320-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez J.A., Chupik C., Swischuk L.E. Cervical spine trauma in children under 5 years: productivity of CT // Emerg. Radiol. 2004. Vol. 10, No. 4. P. 176–178. doi: 10.1007/s10140-003-0320-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pang D., Wilberger J.E. Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children // J. Neurosurg. 1982. Vol. 57, No. 1. P. 114–129. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.57.1.0114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pang D., Wilberger J.E. Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children // J. Neurosurg. 1982. Vol. 57, No. 1. P. 114–129. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.57.1.0114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulkarni M.V., Bondurant F.J., Rose S.L., Narayana P.A. 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging of acute spinal trauma // Radiographics. 1988. Vol. 8, No. 6. P. 1059–1082. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.8.6.3205929.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulkarni M.V., Bondurant F.J., Rose S.L., Narayana P.A. 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging of acute spinal trauma // Radiographics. 1988. Vol. 8, No. 6. P. 1059–1082. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.8.6.3205929.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tator C.H. Spinal cord syndromes with physiological and anatomic correlations // Principles of Spinal Surgery / еdited by А. Menezes, V. Sonntag. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996. P. 785–799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tator C.H. Spinal cord syndromes with physiological and anatomic correlations // Principles of Spinal Surgery / еdited by А. Menezes, V. Sonntag. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996. P. 785–799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boese C.K., Lechler P. Spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormalities in adults: a systematic review // J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013. Vol. 75, No. 2. P. 320–330. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829243c9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boese C.K., Lechler P. Spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormalities in adults: a systematic review // J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013. Vol. 75, No. 2. P. 320–330. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829243c9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith P., Linscott L.L., Vadivelu S., Zhang B., Leach J.L. Normal Development and Measurements of the Occipital Condyle-C1 Interval in Children and Young Adults // AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2016. Vol. 37, No. 5. P. 952–957. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith P., Linscott L.L., Vadivelu S., Zhang B., Leach J.L. Normal Development and Measurements of the Occipital Condyle-C1 Interval in Children and Young Adults // AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2016. Vol. 37, No. 5. P. 952–957. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis P.C., Reisner A., Hudgins P.A., Davis W.E., O’Brien M.S. Spinal injuries in children: role of MR // AJNR Am.J.Neuroradiol. 1993. Vol. 14, No. 3. P. 607–617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis P.C., Reisner A., Hudgins P.A., Davis W.E., O’Brien M.S. Spinal injuries in children: role of MR // AJNR Am.J.Neuroradiol. 1993. Vol. 14, No. 3. P. 607–617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dundamadappa K., Cauley K.A. MR imaging of acute cervical spinal ligamentous and soft tissue trauma // S. Emerg Radiol. 2012. Vol. 19. P. 277–286. doi: 10.1007/s10140-012-1033-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dundamadappa K., Cauley K.A. MR imaging of acute cervical spinal ligamentous and soft tissue trauma // S. Emerg Radiol. 2012. Vol. 19. P. 277–286. doi: 10.1007/s10140-012-1033-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gopinathan N.R., Viswanathan V.K., Crawford A.H. Cervical Spine Evaluation in Pediatric Trauma: A Review and an Update of Current Concepts // Indian. J. Orthop. 2018. Vol. 52, No. 5. P. 489–500. doi: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_607_17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gopinathan N.R., Viswanathan V.K., Crawford A.H. Cervical Spine Evaluation in Pediatric Trauma: A Review and an Update of Current Concepts // Indian. J. Orthop. 2018. Vol. 52, No. 5. P. 489–500. doi: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_607_17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aarabi B., Koltz M., Ibrahimi D. Hyperextension cervical spine injuries and traumatic central cord syndrome // Neurosurg. Focus. 2008. Vol. 25, No. 5. E9. doi: 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aarabi B., Koltz M., Ibrahimi D. Hyperextension cervical spine injuries and traumatic central cord syndrome // Neurosurg. Focus. 2008. Vol. 25, No. 5. E9. doi: 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miranda P., Gomez P., Alday R. Acute traumatic central cord syndrome: analysis of clinical and radiological correlations // J. Neurosurg. Sci. 2008. Vol. 52. P. 107–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miranda P., Gomez P., Alday R. Acute traumatic central cord syndrome: analysis of clinical and radiological correlations // J. Neurosurg. Sci. 2008. Vol. 52. P. 107–112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madroñero-Mariscal R., LópezDolado E. Pediatric SCIWORA-Type Injuries Revisited: What Should be the Most Discerning Definition of SCIWORA at the Current Days? // Ortho Res Online J. 2021. Vol. 8, No. 5. OPROJ. 000697.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madroñero-Mariscal R., LópezDolado E. Pediatric SCIWORA-Type Injuries Revisited: What Should be the Most Discerning Definition of SCIWORA at the Current Days? // Ortho Res Online J. 2021. Vol. 8, No. 5. OPROJ. 000697.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
