There was made an attempt to link interdisciplinary research methodically, from clinical diagnostic techniques, modern instrumental, laboratory and basic research to their implementation in practice. The experience of several partner groups studying the brain in HIV infection was analyzed and summarized. It was based on an interdisciplinary approach, the goals and authorities of infectious disease specialists,  psychiatrists, neurologists, radiologists, laboratory doctors, clinical examination algorithm, the role of history and interview, express-diagnostic of cognitive functions, specialized psychiatric, neurological  diagnosis, conclusion of clinical psychologists, indications for radiology methods. The choice and analysis of radiological and instrumental methods, the volume and structure of laboratory methods of central nervous system study were justified. The role of molecular genetic studies of HIV in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, the identification of drug-resistant forms of the virus was determined when choosing the therapy.

Despite the fact that the cornerstone role in verification of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) laboratory studies for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using nucleic acid amplification techniques, radiologic diagnostic techniques play an important role in detecting changes caused by coronavirus infection (COVID-19), differential diagnosis with other lung diseases, determination of the degree of expression and dynamics of changes, evaluation of the effectiveness of the therapy carried out and their complications. The main role of all radiation diagnostic methods in the suspected presence of changes in the lungs associated with the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) belongs to computed tomography. At the same time, some patients for  various reasons cannot perform computed tomography, and in these cases it is possible to use radiography to detect severe forms of pneumonias that require hospitalization, as well as to assess the dynamics of the process. The purpose of this review article is to describe the most common radiographic manifestations of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the lungs.

Radiоlogic diagnosis of increased density of lung tissue because of «ground glass» opacity has extreme importance in the context of a new coronavirus infection, since this pattern is the main symptom of this formidable disease. Knowledge of the reasons of an increase in the density of lung tissue, of both viral and non-viral etiology, is extremely important for making a diagnosis and initiating timely treatment. The main  diseases that are not associated with viral damage to the lung parenchyma, and in which there is a ground glass opacification with additional patterns such as consolidation, reticular changes, are life-threatening situations such as bleeding and hemorrhage in the lung tissue, aspiration, hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Without a multidisciplinary approach, a joint analysis of each specific situation with clinicians, intensive care unit doctors, and radiologists, making a diagnosis is almost impossible.

A new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), which epidemic affected almost all states at the beginning of 2020, is also diagnosed radiologically, including computed tomography (CT), which is considered to be the gold standard for this. The lack of awareness among doctors and patients in a number of regions of Russia about the radiology use, need and appropriateness in this infection has led to unreasonable, overly frequent prescribing of chest CT by clinicians, as well as an increase in the chest CT ordering at the urgent request of the patients themselves, despite attempts of radiologists to convince those and others that, most often, this technique is not needed, as not affecting the observation and treatment strategy. The overload of CT units resulting from this has led to its limited availability, which, in addition, can also occur when CT devices get out of order. This publication is dedicated to our experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of viral pneumonia. Changes detected on MRI are similar to those visible on CT, it is possible to detect a sign of «ground glass opacity», consolidations, reverse halo sign, fluid in the pleural cavity, air bronchography with an accuracy not less than that of CT, especially if the size of the pathological changes exceeds 1 cm. In addition, MRI allows the differential diagnosis of viral pneumonia and other clinical situations able to simulate it, such as a bronchogenic  tumors with retro obstructive pneumonitis, exudative pleurisy, bacterial pneumonia, and bacterial infection inside the viral pneumonia. Given the inaccessibility of CT and/or radiation exposure conserns, MRI can serve as a fairly reliable alternative method for viral pneumonia and other pathological conditions with a nonspecific clinical picture radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis, provided that anti-epidemic measures are observed and there are no absolute contraindications for MRI.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an original artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for detecting MS in the radiology department of primary (outpatient) hospital.

Materials and methods. Depersonalized results of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies performed in the period from August 22, 2019 to September 26, 2019 in 93 patients (42 men (mean age 47,5±15,9 years) and 51 women (mean age 52,3±16,8 years)) were analyzed. All patients signed a voluntary informed consent form. Brain MRIwere carried out on the VANTAGE Atlas 1,5T MRI scanner (Toshiba, Japan) under a standard protocol.

Results. All MRI studies were analyzed by AI-algorithm (index-test). It decisions were compared with a  reference test (groundtruth). The sensitivity of the index-test is 100%, specificity — 75,3%, accuracy —  76,3%, negative predictive value — 100%, area under ROC-curve — 0,861. The algorithm reliably sorts out the studies without signs of MS. The algorithmshows sufficient quality and excellent reproducibility of the results on independent data.

Conclusion. The developed AI algorithm ensures effective triage of MRI studies in primary care settings, maintaining an optimal index of suspicion in MS.

The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic significance of metabolites of N-acetyl aspartate, choline and creatine according to proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the brain in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Material and methods. Using routine MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we examined  20 children with a diagnosis of «pervasive developmental disorders» (F 84) aged 1–10 years (average  age 5,05 years (SD 2,502); 13 boys; 7 girls). In 12 patients (from 17 children) aged 2 to 10 years, the average age was 5,75±0,827 years (Me 6.00 (3,00; 8,75); 8 boys; 4 girls) the «The Autism Treatment Evaluation Scale» and «Behavioral Assessment of Children» (version for patients with developmental disabilities) «The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form».

Results. We found a significant decrease in the ratio of NAA/Cr (p<0,05) in the postcentral gyrus of the right hemisphere of the brain, in the inner capsule on the left and the hippocampus on the right. Increased Cho/NAA ratio (p<0,05) in the temporal lobes on both sides and the hippocampus on the right. Increased Cho/Cr ratio (p<0,05) in the inner capsule on both sides.

Conclusions. These data allow us to identify in patients with autism spectrum disorders some specific metabolic changes in the brain. Perhaps this is caused by damage to neurons.  

The aim of the study: to identify the main variants of CT-symptoms («scenarios») which are observed in patients with COVID-19 viral lung damage with positive clinical course.

Materials and methods. We considered follow-up CT data of patients with SARS-nCoV-2 virus infection (confirmed by PCR) with a difference of 5 to 21 days with a positive clinical course of the disease. In some cases, a correlation with morphological data was made.

Results. There were identified 5 main «scenarios» for viral lung damage course in COVID-19 (from  complete regression of opacities or minimal residual reticular structures to the phenomena of organization,  atelectasises and initial signs of fibrosis).

Conclusions. Understanding of follow-up CT pattern in COVID-19 helps to make a decision at an early stage about necessity for additional therapy, which allows to avoid potentially possible fibrotic lung process in the future.

Purpose. To evaluate radiological and morphological patterns of IPF in their long-term monitoring.

Materials and methods. 676 patients with clinical and radiological patterns of IPF (53,3±15,2g, f/m — 412/264). HRCT, SPECT, PFTs, echocardiography.

Results. UIP was characterized by increase in size and spread of «honeycomb lung», the appearance of new areas of subpleural «GGO» and their transformation first into honeycombing, in 142 patients (21,0%) on a CT-scan. SPECT revealed apparent decrease in pulmonary microcirculation. Patients did  not need morphological verification, their DLCO was less than 30% D. NSIP was found in 439 patients (64,9%), CT showed subpleural reticulation changes and «GGO» without «honeycombing», but during the monitoring they transformed into honeycombing. Morphologically it was «honeycombing», SPECT showed growing abnormalities, DLCO was 50% D. The exacerbation of IPF was found in 24 patients (3,5%) on a CT-scan and SPECT and histologically it was manifested by acute interstitial pneumonia and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. It led to the progression of fibrosis in 11 patients. Early manifestations of IPF: CT showed subpleural areas with «GGO» and reticulation changes in 32 patients (4,7%), later they transformed into IPF in 21 patients. SPECT showed minimal abnormalities in microcirculation. Primary fibrosing morphological changes, DLCO is 70% D.

Conclusions: The accumulation of experience of clinical and radiological examination of patients with IPF justifies a need to develop new approaches to diagnosing and treatment.

The study was conducted to assess value of US diagnostics for examination of lungs in patients with COVID-19 CAP. US examination was performed in 23 patients with verified diagnosis. There were sonographic features revealed, which allow to consider this method as effective at different steps of diagnostics and treatment of COVID-19 CAP.

The purpose: to estimate the efficiency of ultrasound examination for diagnostics of lung inflammatory infiltration.

Methods and materials: 106 patients with community-acquired pneumonia were examined. The complex of radiological examinations was performed. The dynamics of the inflammatory infiltrate was evaluated by standard X-ray examination and lungs ultrasound study.

Results. The ultrasound pattern of pleuropneumonia and bronchopneumonia is systemized. The ultrasound examination demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, in some cases prevailing the X-ray.

Conclusion. The periods of ultrasound monitoring of the dynamics of the inflammatory process in the lungs are proposed.

With the integration of digitalization in diagnostic imaging, there is no need for radiologists to be tied to the workplace in medical institutions. The creation of a reference center minimizes the costs of medical institutions using the services of a reference center for training the radiologists and equipping them with additional workstations. The reference center is also able to strengthen any medical facility that needs additional specialists, which is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemia.

Purpose: determination of technical characteristics when choosing medical viewing monitors, affecting the quality of the viewed image.

Materials and methods: Analysis of current regulatory documents, domestic and world scientific  literature, regulatory parameters for medical viewing monitors.

Results and discussions: In Russian and foreign publications, there are few articles on the assessment and analysis of medical monitors, and there are no regulatory documents. According to the technical documentation of medical viewing monitors presented in Russia, the basic requirements for medical  viewing monitors that are used when working on modern digital mammography systems have been  formed. The article analyzes the main parameters of monitors that affect the quality of the visualized image, also highlights the main parameters of digital detectors installed on mammographs and gives recommendations for choosing a medical monitor that meets the parameters of the mammograph. The main parameters for monitors are highlighted, such as resolution, brightness to contrast ratio, response time, which, if properly correlated, significantly improve the quality of work of a radiologist.

Conclusions. Medical viewing monitors should meet the physico-technical parameters of the installed mammograph; to improve the quality of the work of radiologists involved in the diagnosis of mammary glands within the framework of one health care facility, it is advisable to choose medical viewing  monitors of one manufacturer; maintenance of medical viewing monitors should be performed at least twice a year.