Differential diagnosis of normal and pathological development of the fetal brain in accordance with gestational period is an actual problem of prenatal medicine. The basic brain structures of the fetus, including gyrus and sulcus are forming during the pregnancy, such processes as lamination and myelination of white matter starts. The paper analyzed the diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the sequence of formation of sulcus and gyrus of the fetal brain at various stages of its development, shows the value of the method in assessing maturation of white matter. Prenatal MRI data were compared to ultrasound and postmortem studies. 

Urinary bladder cancer is a fairly common pathology in the structure of cancer morbidity, both in the world and in the Russian Federation, especially in elderly patients. As is well known, the 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates directly correlate with the stage of the tumor process, which determines the significance of an adequate assessment of the distribution of tumors for planning treatment approach. This article provides an overview of scientific studies on imaging techniques that are used for preoperatively staging of urinary bladder cancer. Currently, the most interesting is multiparametric-MRI, which has a number of advantages over other imaging methods including: non-invasiveness, high tissue and spatial visualization and the absence of ionizing radiation. The appearance of this method contributed to an increase in diagnostic effectiveness in assessing the distribution of urinary bladder cancer. However, there are a number of unresolved issues related to errors in interpreting the depth of invasion and evaluation of regional lymphatic outflow, which require detailed study and analysis. 

The results of autopsy material of preterm newborns very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) brains are presented. In life the brains lesions were detected in the examined newborns with cranial ultrasound and MRI (intraventricular herminal hemorrhages/IVH and hypoxic — ischemic encephalopathy /HIE). In this researching were been using method of microscopy. Postmortem examination confirmed brain cell migration continues after birth in all examined newborns. This study have detailed the directions, positions, thickness cells migration columns. There were found that cells migration thickness and length depend on gestation age of preterm newborn with IVH and HIE. Besides we found the age morphologic differences in cell structures cerebral cortex in preterm newborns. 

This article provides information about modern representation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as the structure, role and function of vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of steatosis. The article presents the results of remaxol in clinical practice in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Investigated hepatic and endothelial protective effects of remaxol 5–10 day treatment and 30 days after of therapy. Early clinical effect was expressed in the normalization of endothelial function, which is the first marker of positive action endothelial protective effects of remaxol, compared with laboratory and sonographic evidence. 

The aim of the study was to compare the morphometric parameters of echocardiography in a normally occurring pregnancy. Comparison of the obtained data with the data of heart measurement in children perinatally perished, as well as the analysis of the mass indexes of the fetus and placenta in healthy fetuses and fetuses perinatally lost. Massometric parameters of the fetus, placenta and integral index of the placental-fetal ratio (PFR) in the patients of the main and control groups were analyzed. Typical changes in the weight of the placenta and PFR in patients with perinatal fetal death were determined. Opportunities were identified for risk groups for perinatal fetal death according to the analysis of the sonocardiogram. 8 conclusions are presented that represent the possibility of predicting perinatal losses depending on the size of the placenta, PFR, the isolation of risk groups for perinatal fetal death according to the data of sonocardiography. (4 tables, bibliography 6 refs). 

Leiomyoma of deep soft tissues is a rare tumor that amount no more than 4,5% of benign tumors of soft tissues. The reports about it are rare, and only unitary — by suprasonic semiotics including the description of the elastografic pattern and contrast intensification. In the FSBI «Petrov Research Institute of Oncology» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation for the last 10 years were 6 patients with a similar localization of leiomyoma for the screening and treatment. All patients were operated on with the morphological verification of the process. In all cases an ultrasound investigation was conducted in B-mode with doppler sonography. To the 4 patients the elastography has been executed, and to the 3 patients the echocontrast has been executed. In 3 of 6 monitoring the grayscale pattern was characteristic of benign conditions of soft tissues. In 3 cases the grayscale ultrasonic pattern was similar to the sarcoma of soft tissues (irregular shape, an uneven, clear contour, heterogene structure). In the sonoelastography mode in 2 cases the leiomyomas had a flexible structure and were mapping by 2 elastotype. However in 2 cases the tumors had a stiff texture which is characteristic of malignant neoplasms and were mapping by 3 and 4 elastotype. The use of contrast intensifying has allowed to determine the benign nature of the researched neoplasms in all 3 cases. The article presents one observation of surgically operated and histologically distinctive leiomyoma with an illustration of suprasonic pattern, doppler sonography and elastography, as well as echocontrast data. 

Purpose: to study the radionuclide semiotics of the inactive stage of diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy. Seven patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy of one foot were included in the study. The duration of the inactive stage of diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy was from 4 to 57 months at the time of the examination. The inactivity of disease was determined by clinical and x-ray signs. Flow, blood pool and activity of the osteoblastic process in the affected foot were assessed by multiphase osteoscintigraphy with 99mTc-pyrophosphate. The intensity of uptake of the tracer in the affected foot was evaluated quantitatively based on the uptake ratio between affected and normal feet. In the first phase, reflecting the blood flow, the amplitude of «time/activity» curve in affected foot was in one and a half times higher, than in the control foot. It pointed out on the increase of total blood flow, despite the absence of an active inflammatory process. Only in one case was demonstrated symmetrical «time/activity» curves for affected and normal feet. In 5 out of 7 patients, an increase in vascular permeability was observed in the affected foot. High osteoblastic activity in the affected foot was noted in all patients. The relationship between the tracer accumulation, data of magnetic resonance imaging and the duration of the inactive stage of diabetic neuropathy were not revealed. Conclusion: the results of the pilot study demonstrated an increase of local blood flow, vascular permeability, and osteoblastic activity in patients with a long-term clinical inactive diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy. This findings shows continuous bone remodeling as well as latent aseptic inflammation of the joints and soft tissues in cases of Charcot’s arthropathy. 

Аbout 80% of all ostearthritis localised in knee joints affecting non-bone structures. Ultrasound examination visualisating such abnormalities. There are no neither unigorm standart nor protocol for ultrasound examination on joints. The aim was analysung difference between interpritation of pathological chances in X-ray 0 stage of gonarthritis and revealing the most robust ultrasound criteria. Material and methods. Ultrasound examination was performed for 19 patients with X-ray 0 stage of gonarthritis by three doctors independtly with interval between examinations three days. The results. The most obgective criteria were changes in soft tissues (84,2%), cartilage echoic changes of patellar block 57,9%), patella ligament (84,2%), synovitis (89,5%), fluid os syprapatellar bursa (89,5%), changes of medial meniscus’ configuration (84,2%), and hyperehoic foci of lateral meniscus. Заключение: ultrasound examination the most informative for synovitis, changes of medial meniscus’ configuration, cartilage echoic changes of patellar block. 

The article presents statistical data on the state of Saint-Petersburg radiology as of 2016. 

The article deals with legal aspects and basic principles of forming an informed consent for the radiologic methods on the example of computed tomography. 

In the article, using the example of public-private partnership in the field of nuclear medicine, a methodology for calculating the need for positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was proposed. Based on the data of the 7th form of the Federal statistical observation «Information on malignant neoplasms» in the Kursk region, two models of calculations are presented. The first was developed on the basis of orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on the approval of standards for the provision of medical care for malignant neoplasms. The second one is developed using the risk oriented model proposed by the authors. The presented calculations allow to predict and calculate the volumes of medical aid in the region in the field of PET/CT application, when forming the territorial program of free medical care in the system of compulsory medical insurance.