Ultrasonography (US), computer (CT) and magnetic resonance (MRI) tomography - are the basic tools to identify malformations of the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), which may be congenital or isolated elements of cardiosplenic syndrome that occurs during embryonic development. These vascular malformations diverse by a variety of pathologically formed architectonics, are rather rare, often asymptomatic, or present as venous thrombosis of the lower body. They can also mimic neoplasms and lymphadenopathy in the examined areas. The advantages and limitations of imaging methods in detecting malformations of the IVC and its tributaries are described with a clinical case example. A novel diagnostic algorithm to assess the structure of the IVC, which is extremely important when planning surgical interventions, endovascular diagnostics and therapeutic procedures, is proposed and justified.

Interest to the clinical use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) increased significantly over the last years due to equipment enhancement of the modern MR-scanners as well as broadening the options of the MRS method. In particular the multivoxel spectroscopy is becoming widely used where is of great importance not only interpretation of the magnetic resonance spectra, but also correct grouping of voxels for the accurate evaluation of metabolites abnormalities and estimation of the regional metabolic differences. Respectively, authors present their recommendations for the voxel grouping in the multivoxel spectroscopic magnetic resonance examination. The variants of grouping are presented based on the example of one-slice brain multivoxel spectroscopy. The article can be useful for the medical researchers and MRI practitioners who use MRS in clinical practice.

The article is devoted to questions in colon diseases imaging. The possibilities of currents imaging methods including conventional irrigoscopy, CT colonography and MRI, are reviewed. Modern techniques, pitfalls and existing diagnostic problems are described. There is also comparison between different imaging methods and endoscopy.

The study goal was to experimentally evaluate the condition of the structural elements of the spinal motion segments after different rear fixing methods. The study object were mongrel dogs with weigh of 12±1,5 kg at the age of 21±3 months. Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups. Animals in group 1 (n=5) underwent transpedicular fixation of the spine using rigid rods. Animals of group 2 (n=5) underwent transpedicular fixation of the spine with dynamic rod made of nitinol. All animals were studied by x-ray in functional positions and multispiral computed tomography (MSCT). Range of motion in the tested segment prior to surgery for functional study in both groups was 18±1,2 degree. In group 1 after 24 months range of motion after surgery was 0±0,03 degrees. In group 2 all animals had range of movement 15±1,3°, which was 78,9% of the original. MSCT study showed no degenerative changes of the articular surfaces in group 2 in 24 months after surgery and the movement range still was 78,9% of the original.

The co-infection HIV-TB is a serious global problem of the last two decades. Radiological manifestations of tuberculosis have particular features depending on suppression of immune system. The purpose of this work was studying of radiological manifestations of tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients and detection of relationship between radiological manifestations and HIV infection stage. The basic methods to solve this problem were clinical and laboratory diagnostic minimum and digital radiography. Additional methods included CT, fiber-optic bronchoscopy and invasive interventions. The results of this research show that most often patients are being infected with tuberculosis at stages of HIV-infection 4Б-В (RF classification) with significant suppression of immune system. Spread of the radiological manifestations reflecting a tendency to generalization of a tubercular inflammation is directly proportional to the stage of HIV infection at which tuberculosis was identified. The dissemination of specific focuses can occur in the hematogenous, lymphogenous and mixed way. Today diagnostic radiology remains the primary method in identifying tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients.

Indicators of function of fibers of the left ventricle (LV) are strain (S) and strain rate (SR). The aim: To evaluate the function of fibers of the LV and its dynamics after surgical revascularization, depending on the remoteness of a myocardial infarction (MI) using Velocity Vector Imaging. Materials and methods: 51 patients with MI were examined. Depending on the MI remoteness 3 groups were formed: group I - 15 (29%) patients with MI during last year, group II - 21 (42%) with onset of MI from 2 to 5 years ago, group III - 15 (31%) patients with MI more than 5 years ago. Results. In all groups S and SR of the longitudinal and circular fibers was reduced before revascularization. In the study of radial fibers only reduction of S was revealed. After surgical revascularization positive dynamics of SR longitudinal and circular fibers was observed in the group II. Positive dynamics of strain of longitudinal fibers was observed in group I, negative in group III. Conclusion. After surgical revascularization more changes of deformation properties is observed in the group II in the analysis of all fibers of the LV.

Monophasic MSCT of chest in patients with breast cancer unable to answer all diagnostic questions. However, multiphasic MSCT is associated with a significant radiation dose. In order to reduce radiation exposure for patients with breast cancer venous-arterial phase of MSCT can be used. Native, arterial and venous-arterial phases of ceMSCT of chest were compared. There was statistically significant increase of breast tumor x-ray density in venous-arterial scan (up to 2 times compared with the corresponding value in arterial phase of the study). Contrast enhancement in large vessels in venous-arterial and arterial phase scans was almost similar. Thus, the technique of venous-arterial MDCT provides a significant increase in x-ray density of breast carcinoma, keeps suitable values of contrast enhancement of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and reduces radiation dose.

The purpose of our study was to optimize the patients’ preparation for the virtual colonoscopy procedure (VC) by selecting an adequate dose of the barium comprising contrast medium for the fecal marking (FM). The main aim was to reach an optimum marking of the residual contents with the decrease in both quantity and intensity of high-density side artifacts that influence the quality of the bowel wall and contiguous structures visualization. The process of selecting the appropriate barium concentration was conducted by practical consideration with the aid of the principle phantom colon model. The appropriate dose of barium contrast for FM during patients’ preparation for VC is thereon suggested by the authors of the article. 100 patients took part in the study; they were divided into 2 equal groups of 50 persons. VC with preliminary barium FM and cleansing preparation was applied to all patients from both groups. The difference between the groups consisted in the dose of contrast medium for FM: the amount of the medium suggested by the authors that was less than its standard level was used in one of the groups. The findings of the study were verified with the help of statistical analysis, on the grounds of which it is concluded about the reliable decrease in both quantity and intensity of the undesirable high-density artifacts without any defects in marking in the group of patients with the dose of barium contrast medium that was suggested by the authors.

The article presents a developed contact MR patterns useful in the differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy of early terms of pregnancy and unknown localization (PUL), gematosalpinksa formed as a result of interruption of tubal pregnancy and blood reflux from the uterus. At the same time, to solve the problems of diagnostics PUL, we have developed and tested a method of thin sections in the axial and coronal planes T2-WI, which is sufficient to answer the question about the presence of the expansion of the fallopian tubes.

The aim of the study was to examine the possibilities of ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of olecranon bursitis and tumor for treatment planning. The study included 47 patients with a preliminary diagnosis: «olecranon bursitis». 22 of them were diagnosed with serous bursitis, 17 - with purulent and three - with chronic bursitis; one patient showed swelling and increasing volume of soft tissue (contusion); four patients - lipoma. Ultrasound signs and differential diagnostic criteria of different variants bursitis, tumors were identified for treatment planning.

Occupational chronic myofibrosis is a disease resulting from physical overstrain and functional overload of upper extremities and shoulder girdle and beeing the most prevalent occupational diseases related to the so-called «working hand». Myofibrosis occur among persons employed actually in all industries, building and agriculture and may develop as an isolated disease or combined with other occupational diseases of musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems. The aim of this report is to find the best radiological method in occupational myofibrosis revealing. The article presents the diagnostic values of radio-opaque myography, ultrasound study, MRI and their place in diagnostic algorithm.

Lymphedema is a common disease, it is estimated that up to 10% of the population has it in varying degrees. Thus different methods are using in evaluating patients with lymphedema. Computed tomography allows to assess the condition and thickness of various layers of soft tissues, edema spread along the length of the limb and deeper spaces, objectify degree of edema and fibrotic changes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, to obtain quantitative data of tissue density at any level and level of the limb. Comparison of clinical stage and CT data is not fully studied question. We examined 24 patients, made physical examination and lower limb MSCT. It was found that with an increase of the degree of edema increases limb volume, thickness of subcutaneous fat, increases the X-ray density of subcutaneous adipose tissue due to its edema and fibrosis. Thus, the use of MSCT saves physician's time for examination of patients with lymphedema and allows him to select the optimal treatment strategy.

Peculiar diving disorders are characterized by pathological changes of lungs that are not always easy to identify and verify through X-ray. The article presents the clinical case of a professional frogman. X-ray scanning has been demonstrating changes in his lungs for many years. However, it was not considered as implications brought by high pressure in water and gas environments. The article gives a retrospective analysis of chest X-ray for the recent 13 years: both CT and spirography. CT reveals a limited zone of pneumothorax and two air-containing zones (aerocele) typical of pulmonary barotrauma. While medical examination of frogman, saturation diver and aquanaut it is highly reasonable to undergo computed tomography screening to verify morphological changes in lungs tissue and evaluate lesion volume.

Background for development of perspective apparatus for non-invasive medkal radiation diagnostics of functional state of inner organs and tissues on the base of application of microwave sensing and visualization techniques in non-ionizing range of electromagnetic spectrum safe for human organism, practically implemented using smart antenna array, is given. Perspective medical apparatus will have previously unachievable functional technological characteristics, particularly - principal possibility of high-resolution visualization of organs and tissues without using any contrast agents and costing less in comparison with existing systems of computer, magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography on the market.

The history of the formation of the Department of Radiation Diagnosis in Kazan Medical Academy is tightly connected with the history of roentgenology in Kazan. Celebrating its 90^th anniversary, the Department of Radiation Diagnosis is deeply involved in research activities and in the work on training highly-skilled specialists - radiation diagnosticians.