High relevance of bladder cancer is determined not only by high morbidity rates, but a wide range of therapeutic measures that depend on the exact definition of the degree of invasion and the prevalence of tumor disease. Although transurethral resection and subsequent pathological study plays crucial role opportunity of preliminary assessment and treatment monitoring by using MRI open up broad prospects. In this regard, were developed the criteria of MRI in the access of the bladder tumor. Rules of carrying out scanning, and interpretation of the images are consolidated in recommendation VI-RADS. It has been approved by authoritative societiesof radiologists and urologists. The use of these recommendations will avoid many mistakes and increase understanding among radiologists as well as urologists.

The review presents the results of diagnostic imaging techniques for evaluation of distractional regenerate bone starting from classical polypositional radiography to modern imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. There are described the modifications of the known techniques for evaluation of regeneration bone with quantitative and qualitative analysis, the opinions of different authors about possibilities and problems of imaging practices. There are presented the problems and goals for more effective evaluation of new bone at different stages of limb lengthening with the focus on a wider application of modern imaging modalities at medical institutions. The review is based on dissertation work of K. A. Diachkov «Diagnostic imaging for detection of the rules of distractional regenerate bone formation and bone quality during limb lengthening». Literature review was performed using database of PubMed, Medline, Embase 12 Russian journals on traumatology and orthopaedics, diagnostic imaging 2007–2016. All articles on evaluation of distractional bone regeneration were reviewed.

According to A. D. Caprin et al., [1] out of 3 630 567 patients, uterus cancer accounts for 7,1%; prostate — 6,1%; cervix — 4,9%; rectum — 4,4%; bladder — 2,99%. 30 to 50 per cent of all these patients require radiotherapy with high summary doses, palliative or symptomatic irradiation. Radiation-induced cystitis is diagnosed for in a range of 20 to 80%. Amount of publications concerning various methods of treatment of this pathology — systemic, local, using physical and different combinations — shows that there is no solid concept for prophylactics and treating of this adverse side effect of radiotherapy.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the one of the most common and socially significant malignancies in men. Radiotherapy is currently one of the leading conservative special treatments for a localized and locally advanced PC. The frequency of biochemical recurrence after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is high. One of the main problems is a differentiation between local and systemic relapse of PC. Nevertheless, a local recurrence of PC after radiotherapy can occur without increasing PSA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly informative imaging method, however, currently it is used mostly for the primary diagnosis and is not included into the recommendations for detecting recurrent prostate cancer after treatment. MR-pattern of the local progression after radical EBRT can be similar to that of primary PC. It is also difficult to diagnose local relapse of prostate cancer in some cases. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) has the greatest prospects in the diagnosis of local tumor recurrence in prostate cancer patients after radical external beam radiotherapy. The article provides an overview of domestic and foreign literature, in which we attempted to systematize current knowledge about the possibilities of the mpMRI in diagnosing local recurrence after radical EBRT and, based on the results of published studies, identify directions for further application of this approach.

The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic value of MR diffusion imaging (DWI) and hybrid positron emission and computed tomography (PET/CT) with [11C]methionine for glioma grading and to compare the spatial distribution of diffusion restriction and [11C]methionine uptake abnormalities within a tumor.

Material and methods: MRI with diffusion sequences and PET/CT with [11C]methionine were performed for 46 patients with untreated histologically proven brain gliomas. Quantitative evaluation included the minimal apparent diffusion coefficient value (ADCmin) in the tumor and maximum [11C]methionine uptake ratio, measured as ratio of highest tumor count density to that of the brain cortex(tumor-to-cortex-T/Cmax). Mean measurements of ADC (ADCmean) and T/C (T/Cmean) were obtained for each tumor. The ADC and T/Cratio values for glioma grading were assessed and correlations were evaluated. In addition PET and ADC images were coregistered to each other.

Results: The T/Cmax and ADCmin values were significantly negatively correlated (r=–0,82). The T/Cmean and ADCmean measurements also demonstrated the significant negative correlation (r=0,56). The T/Cmax showed best accuracy in glioma grading. Sites of maximal radiotracer uptake and minimal ADC did not match in 34% of cases and in 66% of tumors the match was partial.

Conclusion: Diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT using [11C]methionine in glioma grading exceeds DWI-MRI, and for both methods it is preferable to analyze a small tumor volume. The T/C ratios and ADC measurements demonstrate the significant inverse correlations. High rate of mismatch between spatial distribution of increased [11C]methionine uptake and low ADC areas within a tumor could be a result of different biological features registered by PET and DWI.

The perinatal lesions of the nervous system in newborns include a number of diseases of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, united in a group by the time of exposure to damaging factors. The MRI is recognized as the most infor mative and specific method for the diagnosis of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system. By using the MRI, it is possible not only to identify structural changes in the brain, but also to qualitatively assess the myelination of cerebral structures in preterm infants. It was shown that in severe hypoxic-ischemic damage in preterm infants, dysmyelination is more often determined in the posterior pedicle of the inner capsule. DTI is a promising method to quantify the degree of myelination of the brain, visualize pathways, assess their structure and integrity. The aim of the study was to identify significant differences in diffusion values according to DTI in preterm infants with severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injures in the form of periventricular leucomalatia and peri-intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods: Group 1 (10 children) consisted of patients who did not have structural changes on MRI. Group 2 (8 children) consisted of children with periventricular leukomalacia. Group 3 (4 children) consisted of children with peri-intraventricular hemorrhages. The patients was underwent MRI, diffusion-tensor MRI. A comparison was made of the diffusion values in the posterior limb of inner capsules and the thalami between the groups. Results: there were revealed changes in diffusion values, indicating a delay of myelination at the level of the posterior legs of the inner capsules in children with severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injures.

Introduction. Alcoholism and opioid addiction are the leading problems of modern narcology and together with adaptation disorders create a significant contribution to dismission from the ranks of the Armed Forces. Identifying the latent forms of mental disorders is of particular importance for making expert decisions at invoking. Special MRI techniques allow to evaluate the functional and microstructural connectivity of distant parts of the brain.

Materials and methods. With the application of functional MRI and tractography, 405 patients were examined from the potential conscription pool: 76 patients with alcohol dependence syndrome, 170 with opioid dependence syndrome, and 9 with adaptation disorders. In patients suffering from adaptation disorders, opioid dependence and alcoholism, an analysis of the neural network of the passive mode of the brain was performed.

Results. There was established, comparing to the control group, all the patients suffering from addiction demonstrated a weakening of the functional connections of all brain structures. Compared with the control group, the patients with drug addiction and alcoholism had microstructural deformation between the cortical and subcortical structures, especially between the amygdala and the hippocampus. The weakening of functional and microstructural links in the network of the passive mode of the brain in groups of drug addicts indicates that they have violated the processes of control, thinking and the correct decision making. In case of adaptation disorders, integral bilateral differences in terms of global and local node efficiency between groups of patients with adaptation disorder and healthy individuals showed a higher significance of the network of passive mode of the brain in the system of mutual functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex and preclinical. The data obtained create the basis for the creation of biomarkers for patients suffering from mental disorders, which can be used to examine, guide and evaluate the treatment of this pathology.

Objective: сonstructive principles development of early diagnosis of bone and cerebral metastases of peripheral non-small cell lung cancer (PNSCLC), is based on the targeted preventive and personalized application of radiological and nuclear diagnostic methods.

Materials and methods. There was performed the retrospective analysis of medical cards of 1473 patients with peripheral non-small cell lung cancer for the evaluation of the characteristics and frequency of bones and brain metastases. The frequency and features of bone and brain metastases depending on clinical and morphological features of the primary lung tumor were studied. 118 patients with PNSCLC with bone and brain metastases, regardless of clinical symptoms, were examined using a wide range of modern radiological and nuclear methods.

Conclusion: the original algorithm has been developed on the study of the diagnostic significance of medical imaging methods. The application of this algorithm will significantly improve the early diagnosis of bone and cerebral metastases and improve the staging of PNSCLC.

In clinical practice, the assessment of the cumulative risk of drug-induced osteoporosis in patients with mental disorders is difficult because there are no algorithms to reveal patients with a high risk of antipsychotic-induced osteoporosis and BMD is not evaluated in patients with mental disorders. 95 patients aged from 21 to 60 years with a mental illness duration of at least 12 months on antipsychotics and anticonvulsants therapy were examined. 23 patients (24%) had shown a violation of BMD. There is a significant correlation between the number of risk factors and a decrease in BMD. However, additional study of pharmacogenetic and laboratory data on the risk of osteoporosis is required, which will make it possible to plan therapy more precisely, additionally prescribe drugs that regulate BMD in these categories of patients.

The aim of the study was the comparative analysis of treatment for gonarthritis of 0–2 stages by symptomatic therapy (Symptomatic slow acting drugs for osteoarthritis — SYSADOA) and in combination with orthovoltage x-ray therapy (OVRT) within an open randomized study.

Material and methods. The study included patients with clinically confirmed gonarthritis. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, each of them was administered a combined SYSADOA glucosamine (500 mg) and chondroitin (400 mg) sulfate, OVRT was prescribed to patients of second group. OVRT was performed on X-ray machine Xstrahl-200, a single dose was 0,45 Gy, in 10 sessions to a total dose of 4,5 Gy. The pain syndrome was evaluated by VAS, WOMAC scales, efficiency of the treatment by OARSI/OMERACT (reduction of VAS and WOMAC by more than 20% of the baseline). Disability and the number of endoprosthesis replacement were also analyzed. Evaluation was performed before, after treatment, 6, 12 and 36 months.

Results. There were selected 300 patients, 150 in each group, eight people were lost. By the end of the treatment there were no statistically significant differences in the reduction of pain syndrome evaluating by VAS and WOMAC A. After 6–36 months degree of pain reduction was significantly higher in the OVRT group. After three years in the OVRT group, WOMAC A levels, VAS, VAS 20%, WOMAC A 20% were 21,9, 21,2, 69%, 78%, in the SYSADOA group 53,5, 54,9, 25%, 32%, p<0,0001. In the SYSADOA group, by the end of follow-up, 48 (32,9%) patients had a disability group, 42 (28,8%) underwent endoprosthesis replacement, in the combined treatment group — four and four cases (2,7%), respectively, p<0,0001.

Conclusion: there was stable reduction of pain syndrome level among patients underwent OVRT, and improvement of the functional state of the joint, which allows to reduce the frequency of disability and knee endoprosthesis replacement.

In most countries, drowning is one of the three leading causes of children’s death from 5 and 14 years of age, and the most common cause with children under the age of 4 [1–3]. Drowning makes 7% of all fatal accidents involving similar types of brain damage among all age groups worldwide.

The aim. To show the importance of brain magnetic resonance studies of a patient with hypoxic-ischemic lesion during the acute period. An attempt to predict the outcome after global brain hypoxia in a little boy.

Materials and methods. A 2-year-old boy was examined with a dynamic brain MRI after drowning.

Results. Brain MRI made 30 minutes later after drowning showed bilateral matter hyperintensity from the parietal lobes, posterior frontal lobes, hippocampus, right lenticular nucleus, ventral tegmentum of the brainstem on the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). A lower diffusion coefficient on Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps reveals intracellular (cytotoxic) edema caused by acute hypoxic damage. At follow-up after 15 days — T2-weighted image shows white matter hyperintensity. The expansion of the ventricular system, the subarachnoid space of the large hemispheres reflects diffuse cerebral atrophy.

Conclusion. Physicians need revealing the vastness of hypoxic brain damage and reliable criteria to predict the outcome of the disease. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging provides a sensitive measure of cerebral hypoxia and provides a reliable prediction of the outcome of drowning.

The article reflects the stages of development of the first in the world department of radiology throughout the century. During the existence of the department, it was headed by eminent scientists. Under their leadership, the department staff made an invaluable contribution not only to the development of radiology as a science, but also to the development of teaching this specialty in the USSR. The traditions of innovation and teaching excellence laid down by the founders of the department are preserved and developed at the present stage.