Introduction: Generalization and systematization of anatomical ideas about the hippocampus is an urgent academic and practical task due to the increasing involvement of radiologists and topometrists in the diagnosis of psychoneurological diseases, the etiology of which is directly or indirectly related to deviations in the structure of the hippocampus.

Objective: To summarize the structural visualization of the hippocampi using high-field MRI data.

Materials and methods: The literature search was carried out in open information databases in Russian and English Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, RSCI, eLIBRARY using keywords and phrases: «anatomy of the hippocampus», «MRI of the hippocampus», «genetics of neurogenesis», «radiogenomics of the hippocampus».

Results: Based on literature data and our own experience in using MRI in diagnosing hippocampal pathology, the key features of normal MRI anatomy of the hippocampus are described. The review examines current data on the characteristics of the blood supply to the hippocampi.

Discussion: Magnetic resonance anatomy of the hippocampus demonstrates its complex structure, emphasizing how accurately the structural data obtained in this case are combined with sectional anatomy. The genetic determination of the hippocampus has a wide polymorphism, which is reflected in its morphological structure in humans. The normal magnetic resonance anatomy of the hippocampus has a range of asymptomatic variants of its development (inversion of the intraventricular portion, cysts, asymmetry). The blood supply to the hippocampus is carried out from the carotid and vertebrobasilar basins, which must be taken into account in the topographic localization of the ischemic infarction focus. Based on the presented material, it should be assumed that normal and pathological anatomy are closely related to epileptogenesis, being an important etiological link in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Conclusion: Magnetic resonance anatomy of the hippocampus demonstrates its complex structure, emphasizing how accurately the obtained structural data are combined with sectional anatomy. The genetic determination of the hippocampus has a wide polymorphism, which is reflected in its morphological structure in humans. Embryonic development and neurogenesis of the hippocampus occurs between the 6th and 15th weeks of gestation. The normal magnetic resonance anatomy of the hippocampus has a range of asymptomatic variants of its development (inversion of the intraventricular portion, cysts, asymmetry). The blood supply to the hippocampus is carried out from the carotid and vertebrobasilar basins, which must be taken into account in the topographic localization of the ischemic infarction focus. Based on the presented material, it should be assumed that normal and pathological anatomy are closely related to epileptogenesis, being an important etiological link in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Introduction: Recently, the number of mixed infectious lesions of the nervous system (NS) among children has been increasing. This pathology is characterized by a severe course and rapid development of urgent conditions.

Objective: To demonstrate a universal diagnostic algorithm using clinical laboratory and neuroimaging research methods in the conditions of a child’s stay in the intensive care unit.

Materials and methods: We present our own clinical cases of the use of modern laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods, especially neurosonography (NSG), computed tomography (CT) and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results: These methods made it possible to make a correct diagnosis in a short time, determine the degree of morphofunctional disorders on the part of the NS, the presence of complications, and also to assume the outcome of the disease.

Discussion: Central NS infections of mixed etiology are characterized by polymorphism of the clinical picture and rapid development of urgent conditions. This requires early diagnosis using laboratory and instrumental research methods to prescribe adequate therapy and predict the outcome of the disease.

Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and early start of treatment of NS mixed infection and possible complications helps to improve the outcomes of the disease.

Introduction: Тhe review analyzes the possibilities of using the ultrasound (US) technique in emergency diagnostics of abdominal abscesses of extraorgan localization, describes its advantages and disadvantages. The key points associated with the formation of the ultrasound picture are considered, the main ultrasound signs for possible minimally invasive treatment are determined.

Objective: Тo analyze the literature data for use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of abscesses of extraorgan localization and to assess the further prospects for the use of the technique in clinical practice.

Materials and methods: Тhe literature search was carried out in open information databases in Russian and English such as Medline, PubMed, RINTS, eLIBRARY, by keywords and phrases: «abdominal abscess», «subphrenic abscess ultrasonography», «subhepatic abscess», «appendicular abscess ultrasound», «paracolar abscess».

Results: Тhe presented review allowed to structure the available data on diagnostics and treatment of extraorgan abdominal abscesses, systematize and demonstrate ultrasound characteristics of abscesses of different localizations, showed the capabilities of the technique for their differential diagnostics. The final analysis included 34 publications, on the basis of which the main modern relevant aspects and issues of minimally invasive treatment of abscesses under ultrasound control, limitations of the technique’s capabilities, its primacy in emergency diagnostics were identified.

Discussion: The final analysis included 34 publications, on the basis of which the main modern relevant aspects and issues of minimally invasive treatment of abscesses under ultrasound control, limitations of the technique’s capabilities, its primacy in emergency diagnostics were identified.

Conclusion: Аlthough the role of ultrasound has been studied sufficiently, some important aspects of the possible application of this technique remain underestimated against the background of the widespread use of computed tomography (CT). Each of the radiation diagnostic techniques has its advantages and disadvantages.

Introduction: The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neurodegenerative conditions and dementia remain highly important. One of the most common anatomical manifestations of the conditions accompanied by cognitive impairment is ventriculomegaly, which is assessed using ventricular-cranial coefficients. The modern development of information technologies allows estimating the distribution of coefficient values across the general population and clarifying the normal values of these coefficients for patients of different age groups, depending on their gender.

Objective: Тhe study was to use modern AI technologies to evaluate generally accepted indicators of ventriculomegaly in the population as risk factors for various neurodegenerative processes and to determine the normal values of ventricular-cranial coefficients depending on the gender and age of the study subjects.

Materials and methods : A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study was conducted in Moscow for a period of one calendar year — from February 2024 to February 2025. The results of brain CT scans of 121,973 subjects were analyzed, of which 59,079 (48.4%) were men and 62,885 (51.6%) were women. The analysis included the assessment of such indicators as VCR1, VCR2, VCR3, and the width of the third ventricle of the brain and was performed in an automated mode.

Statistics: Data were summarized using descriptive statistics, including the number of non-missing values (N), minimum (Min), maximum (Max), arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mean, median (Me), and first and third quartiles (Q1, Q3). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare numerical variables. Regression analysis was performed to identify factors significantly correlating with fluctuations in coefficients.

Results: With age, the median of VCR1 increases from 25.0% to 31.0% in the mixed group (men and women), VCR2 from 9.0% to 17.0%, VCR3 from 4.0% to 9.0%, and the width of the third ventricle from 5 mm to 11 mm. An increase in age by one year has a significant impact on the change in these indices in all groups, e.g., the VCR1 increases by 0.15 units for each year of increase in the subject’s age. The dynamics of the VCR1, VCR2, and VCR3 are identical for men and women. The width of the third ventricle in men increases by 10% more than in the female group. According to the regression analysis data, all four assessed indicators are significantly higher on average in men than in women of the same age (p<0.001, confidence intervals: VCR1 – 1.63, 2.0; VCR2 –  1.3, 1.78; VCR3 –  0.41; 1.33; the third ventricle width –  0.95, 1.16). The average VCR1 values in the group of centenarians are more than 0.3 for both sexes.

Discussion: The observed morphometric parameters exhibited population-level variability; however, as we achieved sufficient sample size, our analysis revealed that sexual dimorphism and deviations from normal values significantly correlate with patient age. Reference values for the evaluated morphometric coefficients cannot be identical across sex and age groups. In healthy cohorts, these coefficients are inherently higher in elderly individuals than in younger populations, with males exhibiting higher values than females within the same age group. Deviations from the reference values are critical, particularly among elderly patients and more specifically within the male demographic.

Conclusion: The value of VCR1, VCR2, VCR3, and the width of the third ventricle are statistically significantly higher in men of all age groups than in women of the same age group. With age, the value of VCR1, VCR2, and VCR3 increases synchronously in both sexes, and the width of the third ventricle in men increases at an accelerated rate compared to women (the difference is approximately 10%). New refined normal values of ventricular-cranial coefficients for different age groups of the Russian population depending on gender are proposed.

Introduction: Modern surgical treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is focused on organ-preserving methods, including ablative technologies (radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation). Despite the safety of ablative methods, the risk of incomplete ablation and local recurrence of kidney tumors remains, necessitating effective tools for early diagnosis. Perfusion computed tomography (CTP) offers the possibility of quantitative assessment of microcirculation in the ablation zone and detection of preserved vascularization.

Objective: To analyze the potential of CTP for assessing the treatment effect of renal tumor cryoablation in the early and longterm postoperative periods.

Materials and methods: The study analyzed data from standard multiphase computed tomography (Std-CT) and CTP of 40 patients with renal cell carcinoma aged 36–76 years before, on days 5–7, and 3 months after cryoablation. Based on CT results, 37 patients were determined to have complete ablation of the tumor node, and 3 patients had incomplete ablation. Arterial flow (AF), blood volume (BV), and vascular wall permeability (CL) in the tumor area were assessed.

Results: In the group of patients with complete cryoablation (n=37), a statistically significant decrease in maximum CT density and perfusion parameters (BV, AF, CL) of the tumor was revealed on days 5–7 and 3 months after the procedure, reflecting ischemic changes and regression of tumor tissue. In patients with incomplete tumor ablation in the early postoperative period, areas of hyperperfusion in the cryodestruction zone were visualized, and a slight decrease in maximum densitometric values (HU) and perfusion parameters (BV, AF, CL) in the tumor node was noted. During follow-up at 3 months (n=2), an increase in density and a further rise in perfusion parameters in the residual tumor were detected, indicating preserved angiogenesis.

Discussion: The results of this study are consistent with the works of other authors and confirm that CTP can serve as an additional technique for monitoring after renal tumor cryoablation. A decrease in CTP parameters in the cryoablation zone indicated complete destruction of the tumor node, while an increase in CTP values in local areas of the postoperative region indicated the preservation of viable tumor cells and served as an indicator of their activity, which was expressed in the presence of residual tumor.

Conclusion: CT perfusion allows for assessing the treatment effect of cryoablation in the early postoperative period by evaluating changes in the quantitative characteristics of the microcirculatory bed in the solid component of the kidney tumor.

Introduction: Gastric varices are one of the most significant portal hypertension disorders, characterized by severe disease progression and high mortality. Diagnosis of gastric varices is primarily based on endoscopic findings, while radiologic pattern has been understudied.

Objective: Identification of prognostically significant signs of the risk of bleeding from varicose veins of the stomach and construction of an individual stratification model based on computed tomography data.

Materials and methods: The medical records and CT scan results of 181 patients with portal hypertension were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into groups with a disease duration of less than 1 year (control group – 109 patients) and more than 5 years (main group – 72 patients). During follow-up, bleeding from gastric varices was noted in 41 patients. All patients underwent CT scanning using standard multiphase scanning techniques, supplemented by hydro-CT.

Statistics: Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info™ (version 7.2.6.0), Excel (Microsoft Office 2024), and SPSS Statistics (version 26).

Results: Significant differences between the main and control groups were observed in the following parameters: hepatic functional reserve according to the Child-Pugh classification; diameter of gastric varices greater than 7 mm on CT (х²=5,486; p<0,05); degree of variceal protrusion greater than 5 mm on CT (х²=7,533; p<0,01); and the presence of portal hypertensive gastropathy on CT (х²=6,444, p<0,05). Variables were stratified and assessed using a Cox regression model. The prognostic index calculation formula allows for the identification of high, moderate, and low bleeding risks.

Discussion: Most studies focus on esophageal or combined gastroesophageal varices, with limited analysis of gastric variceal features. Our study proposes an integrated prognostic index for gastric variceal bleeding based on computed tomography data.

Conclusion: The obtained results confirm the high informative value of CT in assessing the condition of gastric varices. The use of a CT-based bleeding prognostic index allows for individualized patient management.

Introduction: Mass preventive chest imaging examinations (fluorography and X-ray) play a critical role in identifying diseases of public health significance, yet place an additional burden on the healthcare system. Automated sorting of imaging studies using medical devices (MD) powered by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies facilitates optimization by relieving radiologists from having to review studies without pathological findings. However, despite high AI accuracy, rare false-negative findings remain possible, which can be critical in medical screening.

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate an automated dual reading method for autonomous sorting of preventive imaging studies.

Materials and methods: The study included 411 clinical cases previously misclassified as «normal.» Each study was reanalyzed by a different AI model.

Results: As a result, the re-classification yielded 31.6% correct pathology identification and reduced clinically important discrepancies by 25.5%. When simulating the automated dual reading, the proportion of false-negative findings decreased from 0.071% to 0.052%.

Discussion: The simulation revealed significant performance variability across the AI models, emphasizing the need for careful post-authorization monitoring to replace underperforming applications.

Conclusion: Thus, automated dual reading improves the safety of autonomous sorting by minimizing the number of missed pathological findings. At the same time, the method requires a strategic approach to AI model selection as it poses a risk of reducing the system’s operating efficiency. The optimal benefit-risk ratio should be determined against contribution of preventive programs to public health interest.

INTRODUCTION: Bone strength depends on the amount of minerals, microarchitecture and the amount of organic matter, including adipose tissue. Traditional methods for assessing the amount of fat in bone marrow are invasive. Magnetic resonance imaging is noninvasive and can be used to assess the fat fraction in bone. The associations between fat fraction and bone mineral density are poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnostic capabilities of measuring fat fraction using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hemoblastoses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of lumbar vertebrae 1–4 (IDEAL pulse sequence) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) data from 46 patients with hematological malignancies (mean age of women, 41.6±13.7 years; mean age of men, 43.7±12.3 years) were analyzed. MRI and DXA scans were performed using GE Signa Voyager and Dexxum systems respectively. The fat fraction was calculated as the ratio of the signal intensity of fat protons to water protons in lumbar vertebrae images.

Statistics: ROC analysis was used to assess the diagnostic significance of the methods. Pearson correlation analysis was used to calculate correlation. The Bland-Altman graphical method was used to calculate interobserver variability.

RESULTS: The fat fraction values for men with normal bone mineral density values were 67.8±6% (58–72%), and for women – 58.3±11% (45–68%). For men with decreased BMD the fat fraction values were 72.2±8% (61–86%), and for women – 74.1±7% (59–83%). The average difference in the signal intensity measurements from fat protons between two observers was 7%, for water protons – 8% (p<0.05). For women a moderate correlation was found between BMD and fat fraction (r=0.38, (p=0.04), a moderate correlation was found between fat fraction and age (r=0.39, (p=0.04). For men a weak correlation was found between BMD and fat fraction (r=0.26, (p=0.05). The sensitivity for a fat fraction greater than 75% with a decrease in bone mineral density was 60%, specificity 85%, accuracy 73% (p<0.05).

DISCUSSION: With decreasing bone mineral density the fat fraction increases, and with increasing age the fat fraction increases. For men with normal bone mineral density values the fat fraction is higher than for women of the same age. Low interobserver variability values indicate high reproducibility of signal intensity values calculation on IDEAL sequence images. These data are consistent with data from other studies.

CONCLUSION: In patients with hemoblastoses lumbar spine MRI supplemented with the IDEAL sequence can be used for noninvasive bone assessment, fat fraction measurement, and indirect assessment of bone mineral density loss with relatively with moderate diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility, without the need for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Introduction: Retention of surgical tissue material in the skull, known as a gossipiboma or textiloma, is a rare but potentially serious complication following surgery. Although rare, such an event poses a significant risk, especially in complex surgical settings such as neurosurgery.

Objective: To determine the radiographic signs of foreign surgical tissue material after neurosurgery.

Materials and methods: We present a clinical case of an 8-year-old boy with ganglioglioma with tumor recurrence, in whom a foreign body, a gauze pad, was found in the structure of continued tumor growth during repeated surgery.

Results: The patient underwent surgery, during which, in addition to the removed tumor, a gauze pad was removed after previous surgical treatment and several courses of chemotherapy. In the postoperative period, an analysis of all available preoperative MRI images was performed, where, in addition to the tumor, a predominantly hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images formation was detected, around which a thin homogeneous isointense rim was observed on T2-weighted MRI images, and demonstrating intense accumulation of contrast with pronounced limited diffusion, and which was the textileoma (gauze pad).

Conclusion: Postoperative visualization of the brain is a complex task. The final diagnosis of intracranial textiloma should be made after consultation with the operating neurosurgeon, and careful comparison of the images with preoperative images.

Methotrexate-induced stroke-like leukoencephalopathy (MISLE) is a rare form of subacute neurotoxicity associated with highdose methotrexate and may be misdiagnosed due to its close resemblance to acute ischemic stroke. We report two cases of MISLE in pediatric oncology patients who developed neurological symptoms mimicking acute ischemic stroke during combination chemotherapy at the Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital (the separate structural unit of the FSАEI HE N. I. Pirogov RNRMU MOH Russia). Urgent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral areas of diffusion restriction in both patients, which completely resolved on follow-up imaging performed 24 hours later. These cases highlight the importance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for establishing an accurate diagnosis, confirming the reversibility of pathological changes, and preventing unnecessary interventions such as thrombolytic therapy.

The article presents an analytical review of the state of radiation and instrumental diagnostics in St. Petersburg in 2024.