The Ministry  of Education  and Science  has developed brief recommendations for authors  on the preparation  and design of scientific articles in journals indexed in international scientific databases. The recommendations explain in detail the publication process, the procedures for reviewing and publishing, as well as the generally accepted requirements for the structure of a scientific article.

In recent years there has been intensive development and clinical implementation of new techniques of noninvasive radiology diagnostics  that measure  characteristics of blood flow in tumors,  which is one of the most important  mechanisms  of tumor growth and contribute  to the ability of tumors to respond to ongoing systemic therapy. Awareness of clinicians about  the features  of tumor perfusion characteristics, in this context of brain tumors,  is an important condition for optimizing the results of the use of drugs aimed at suppression of tumor neoangiogenesis. Established tissue perfusion CT and MRI studies based on the assessment of speed and volume of blood flow, and mean transit time. However, clinicians are not completely satisfied with the results of these technologies. Nowadays promising (in the sense of expanding the diagnostic capabilities of the MRI) is the method of MR dynamic contrast  enhancement, which provides objective information on the permeability degree of capillary walls and thereby reflects the pathological transformation  at the level of the blood-brain barrier.

Last years are characterized by the growth of encephalitis (Ef) frequency and demyelination diseases of CNS in children, especially, among teenagers. The diseases are characterized  by similar of clinical features of the disease onset, absence of differential diagnostical criteria and frequency of the disease chronisation  and possibility of transformation  in multiple sclerosis (MS), all this determines the problem of differential diagnosis. The aim is to determine differential-diagnostical features  of Ef, disseminated encephalomyelitis  (DEM)  and MS  in children by analysis  of structure MRI and brain multi-modal  evoked potentials  (MEP).  We observed 35 children with Ef, 40 with DEM and 40 with MS. All patients were from 3 to 17 years old. All patients  were diagnosed  clinically in acute period and in catamnesis — after 3 and 6 months.  MS diagnosis was based on McDonald criteria, 2010 year. ADEM diagnosis was also based on international criteria. We analyzed brain MRI, spinal MRI and MEP in all patients  during the first day of hospitalization  and after 3 and 6 months  later. The analysis of the MRI of the brain and spinal cord in encephalitis  (EF,  n=35), disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM, n=60) and multiple sclerosis (MS, n=60) of children on admission to hospital, and then — after 3 and 6 months. Up to 85% of foci with ADEM and EF had irregular shapes, accompanied by swelling phenomena, and mass effect and in 2⁄3 cases were localized in the gray or white and gray matter of the CNS. In 60% of cases in patients with EF and ADEM based on the localization of foci could suggest the etiology of the disease. In MS 67,5% were detected  multifocal white matter  lesions (more than 10 lesions), and most of the foci had a size of up to 1 cm and the correct round-oval and the absence  of signs of inflammation. The presence  of lesions in the gray matter at EF, ADEM and MS respectively observed in 82,5%, 40%  and 7,5%  of cases. After 3–6  months of MRI in the majority of EF and DEM foci regressed, and in MS were reduced in size, but not completely disappeared. According to the study of evoked potentials (EP) of the brain in children with MS and ADEM often increased latency of the responses, while the EF decreased cortical or brainstem response  amplitude.  The majority of patients  with MS have changed the parameters both 3–4  different EP (somatosensory from the upper and lower limbs, acoustic stem and/or visual), while ADEM and EF-1–2  evoked potentials.  Chronic EF, and the progression  of neurological symptoms  was not associated  with the advent of the «new» lesion, and up to 75%  of the foci can regress completely after 3–6  months.  Chronic EF characterized  by increase of only brain atrophy, which involves communication of these changes  only with neuronal process. Whereas in MS and multiphase ADEM appeared «new» foci accumulating contrast agent that allows you to talk about preserving the pathogenesis of vascular component in their progression. Study of MEP and MRI in children with Ef, DEM and MS in dynamics can be useful for differential diagnosis and monitoring of therapy efficacy.

Nowadays  neurodegeneration in multiple  sclerosis  is closely associated  with irreversible  disability progression. However, the involvement sequence  of different regions in atrophy is still unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship  between  brain and spine atrophy and neurological  disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)  patients. 45 RRMS patients  underwent  brain and spine MRI with voxel based morphometry  and neurological examination with EDSS and were compared to 20 healthy controls. As a result we determined  a distinct patterns of atrophy distribution  in MS patients  and the sequence  of involvement of different central nervous system regions. A strong correlation between disability progression  rate and gray matter atrophy rate was detected.

Possibilities of surgical treatment of brain tumors are often limited by localization of tumors in the basal ganglia, thalamus or brain stem. Stereotactic radiation therapy is an important  alternative method of treatment of intracerebral tumors,  including  lesions  of metastatic origin. Fractionation of stereotactic radiotherapy  allowes to overcome the limitations of radiosurgery in case of large size of tumor lesions located near or in critical structures of the brain. This is especially important,  because stem structures of the brain are less radioresistant in comparison with other regions. In the present  study we asessed  dynamic changes  of brain metastases after fractional stereotactic radiotherapy  by means of a specially developed MRI protocols and recommendations for their implementation.

The article presents the results of the neurological assessment on the example of a children group (n = 1204), applied with a applied with mild head injury in a multi-hospital of metropolis. The study included children with mild traumatic brain injury and contusion  of soft tissues  of the head. The advantages  of the use of screening  intracranial state using transcranial ultrasound  at all stages  of diagnosis and treatment.

A statistical  analysis of position and mobility of the diaphragm  in adults with normal lung function is not operated and underwent various cardiac interventions. The study included 2441 the patient,  divided into groups non-operated and undergoing  various cardiac surgical intervention.  Were determined  the mean values of the position and mobility of the diaphragm,  the frequency of elevation and diaphragm dysfunction. Using ROC analysis established  the degree of influence for the elevation and dysfunction of the diaphragm of the body mass index (BMI), the coefficient of mobility of the diaphragm  (CMD)  and indicators  of the position of the domes of the diaphragm.  It is revealed that after cardiac operations  the position of the domes of the diaphragm was higher and decreased  mobility of the diaphragm. Elevation and dysfunction among non-operated diaphragm was noted in a few cases, and after cardiac surgery significantly more often. Non-operated patients  have a statistically  significant impact on elevation of the right dome had a value of (AUC 0,99) and the elevation of the left dome of the diaphragm the magnitude  of BMI (AUC of 0,89). They have not identified effects on diaphragmatic  dysfunction none of the studied factors. In postoperative  patients, the rates of mobility of the diaphragm showed a good effect on the elevation (AUC of 0,84–0,86), while the value of BMI showed an average quality of effects in all models (AUC of 0,62 to 0,65). A statistically significant effect on diaphragm matic dysfunction provided only the position of the domes of the diaphragm (AUC 0,78–0,83). Patients undergoing different cardiac surgical intervention have a statistically significant decrease of mobility and increase the position of the diaphragm,  increasing the frequency of elevation and dysfunction. From non-operated patients  on the mobility of the diaphragm did not affect any height standing  domes of the diaphragm or BMI. On the position of the right dome affects only the rate of mobility of the diaphragm, and the left dome — the value of BMI. Patients after various cardiac surgeries  greater  impact on the elevation of the diaphragm provided an indicator of its mobility, than BMI and dysfunction of the diaphragm affects only its position.

Study included the cohort of 292 patients  with mitral regurgitation (MR) and large end-diastolic  volume (EDV) of the left ventricle (LV), was calculated by the methods  of echocardiography  (EchoCG)  and magnetic  resonance imaging (MRI). On the basis of prepared cross tabulations method Kappa statistics assessed degree of inter-rater agreement of the results of measurements of the extent of MR and amount of the EDV. Assessment of MR by dopplerography and phase-contrast MRI methodshad minimal statistical  differences, a high degree of coherence.  When measured  value EDV in patients  with impaired  the  anatomy  of the  heart  MRI  showed  a higher  numerical  values, inter-rater agreement was low. In patients with MR in determining  the tactics of cardiac surgery treatment of the feasibility of introducing  a standard  MRI in preoperative examination  to more accurately display the volume indicators and estimates of LV dilatation.

In connection with increasing international travel, increasing the risk of infectious-parasitic diseases. Our article presents  three clinical cases  of a rare parasitic diseases:  amoebiasis,  trypanosomiasis (Chagas’  Disease)  and myasis. These observations are quite common in Latin America, for example, these patients  was examined at the hospital in Quito (Ecuador).  Shown CT scan of patients with identified pathology. Describes the development cycles of the parasite and the ways of spreading of infection.

The  purpose  of this  research  was  to  define  the  importance   of ultrasound   parameters of fetus  pathology  and extra-embryo  structure in the first trimester  of pregnancy.  We have studied 369 pregnancies with 8 to 11 weeks of gestation. We used original metod to define index of correlation between embryonic crown — rump length (CRL) and the length of heart (the distance  between the chin and crown). The normal index values are in a range 1,6–2,6. We used factory mathematic analysis and received results.  The most informative parameters are: aplasia of yolk sack, wrong differential structure of anatomical embryo, wrong correlation between the length of head to body of fetus, discordance between CRL to period of gestation. Least informative ultrasound  parameters are: tonus miometrium, poor vascularisation  of corpus luteum.  These results allow to segregate the group of high pathology of fetus.

Locoregional recurrence  is the most frequent cause of death of patients  with SCCHN. At present day clear guidance on the irradiation volume, total dose and timing of radiation re-treatment of these patients  are missing. 20 patients  with histologically confirmed locoregional recurrence  of HNSCC, received reirradiation. Median time after primary radiotherapy course was 37 months.  The treatment volumes and total doses were formed as follows: GTV (primary lesion and involved lymph nodes, delineated on CT, MRI and ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT)+CTV (0,5–1,0 cm) + PTV (0,3–0,5 cm) was treated  to the total dose equivalent  to 66–70 Gy of conventional  fractionation,  the upper  neck (if indicated,  levels I–III+PTV 0,5 cm) to 60 Gy, the lower neck (if indicated,  levels IV–V+PTV 0,5 cm) — equivalent to 50 Gy. Single doses to these volumes were 2,14–2,21 Gy, 2,0 Gy and 1,8 Gy, respectively. Treatment was planned using IMRT and VMAT techniques with SIB (Simultaneously Integrated Boost). Daily positioning  inaccuracy was less than 3 mm at lymph nodes PTV and less than 1 mm in OARs of CNS and optic pathways. 19 of 20 patients  received full course of radiation therapy without a break. Radiation toxicity manifested with grade 2 oral and pharyngeal mucositis and grade 2 radiation epidermitis. Relief time of radiation mucositis and dermatitis was the same to primary radiotherapy course. Oneyear OS was 48%. Using technique of SIB with IMRT and VMAT during curative reirradiation of recurrent HNSCC is available with maintaining  satisfactory tolerability.

We evaluated the combination  of celiac axis infusion Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 with Oxaliplatin 75 mg/m2 and 3D conformal radiotherapy (51 Gy in 17 fractions over 3 weeks) in 3 patients  with locally advanced pancreatic  cancer. In case 1, a high survival rate (14 mo) was achieved in patients  with locally advanced tumor body of the pancreas  and metastases in the regional lymph nodes. The patient 2 had pancreatic  cancer with metastatic lesions of the liver and malignant obstructive jaundice; the latter was successfully controlled by biliary stenting. The following combined treatment was uncomplicated and survival was 13 mo. In case 3, the pain syndrome dramatically decreased and the patient is still alive for 14 mo from the start of combination  therapy. It is concluded that combination  of arterial infusion and radiotherapy is safe and promising treatment for patients  with locally advanced pancreatic  cancer.

BCG osteitis is an uncommon complication of the antitubercular vaccination. We review some information about the epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnostic methods  of BCG or tuberculous osteitis of sternum. We report a case of BCG osteitis, that was detected with the multispiral computer tomography. We discurse the diagnostic sings of this post-vaccination complication.  The diagnosis was verified by laboratory studies,  which allows to confirm the etiology of the process.

Hodgkin disease  is a malignancy of lymphoid tissue,  at the age of 15 to 24 years it accounts  for 1⁄6 of all oncology disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with citrate  gallium-67  and combined  positron  emission  tomography  (PET/CT) with 18-FDG in a patient  with Hodgkin disease.  Results:  SPECT  detected  no affected cervical nodes that  were found with PET/CT. Conclusion: presented in this article SPECT technique is not suitable for studying this patient. Limitations of the methods for this case and opportunities for overcoming the limitations are discussed.

Air embolism in trauma  chest is threatening complication,  often leading to a fatal outcome  affected. In most cases, diagnosis is posthumous, after forensic autopsy. Based on the submitted clinical observation and analysis of the literature shows the fatality of this terrible complication of chest trauma.  The role of CT studies on patients  affected by the accident.

The article contains  the basic rules for performing  ultrasound  examination  of the endometrium, the dynamics  of changes  in the inner layer of the uterus  from the course of the menstrual cycle, the appropriateness of carrying out and the rules for assessing the parameters of blood flow in the endometrium.